摘要
在全球应对气候变化的“双碳”战略框架下,核能作为清洁低碳、安全高效的能源形式发挥着不可替代的作用。铀资源的地质赋存特征直接影响其开发模式与经济价值,受开采方式及溶浸剂差异影响,铀矿开采中地浸采铀易引发多重环境问题,特别是矿区地下水污染。系统论述了铀矿开采的一般方式及地浸采铀对矿区地下水的影响,重点剖析了铀污染地下水修复技术研究进展,包括可渗透反应墙(PRB)、化学修复、物理修复及微生物修复。对现有修复技术的修复原理、应用场景、影响因素和优缺点等进行了详细对比分析,剖析了各种修复技术存在的关键问题,并针对性地展望了铀污染地下水修复领域未来的研究方向,以期为铀污染地下水治理提供理论支撑和参考,助力核能产业的绿色可持续发展。
Under the global"Dual Carbon"strategy framework for responding to climate change,nuclear energy as a clean,low-carbon,safe and efficient form of energy,plays an irreplaceable role.The geological characteristics and the mode of occurrence of uranium resources directly affect their development pattern and economic values.Common uranium extraction techniques include open-pit mining,underground mining,and in-situ leaching(ISL).ISL is generally carried out by acid leaching with H_(2)SO_(4) or HNO3 as leaching agents,alkali leaching with carbonate or bicarbonate solutions as leaching agents,and neutral leaching with CO_(2)+O_(2) as leaching agents.Among them,acid leaching has become the mainstream uranium mining method in the world due to its excellent leaching effect and relatively low cost.However,acidic uranium leaching reagents undergo chemical reactions with petrogenic minerals in ore-bearing aquifers,causing radioactive elements as well as heavy metal ions to dissolve and enter the ore-bearing aquifers,such as U,Mn,Cr,Pb,which has certain impacts on the surrounding production and life.The remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater is extremely urgent with a large number of mining areas decommissioning or being shut down for decommissioning.At present,the main remediation methods for uranium-contaminated groundwater include permeable reactive barriers(PRB),chemical remediation,physical remediation and microbial remediation.PRB and microbial remediation are often used for long-term in-situ remediation of contaminated sites,while chemical remediation and physical remediation are commonly used for ex-situ remediation.The remediation efficiency,applicable scenarios and economic benefits of different remediation methods vary considerably.This paper systematically discusses the methods of uranium mining and the influence of in-situ leaching uranium mining on groundwater.The research progress of groundwater remediation technology contaminated with uranium,including PRB,chemical remediation,physical remediation and microbial remediation,are emphatically analyzed.Meanwhile,a detailed comparative analysis is conducted on the remediation principles,application scenarios,influencing factors,advantages and disadvantages of the existing remediation technologies.The key problems of various remediation technologies are analyzed and specifically the future research directions in the field of uranium-contaminated groundwater remediation are prospected:1)For chemical remediation,composite precipitants such as phosphate+iron reagents can be employed in chemical precipitation methods to improve precipitation efficiency.Ion exchange methods require further optimization of ion exchange resin design to enhance uranium capacity,selectivity,and antifouling performance while reducing interference with coexisting ions.Electrochemical methods can develop novel electrode materials,such as biomass carbon electrodes or metal-organic framework modified electrodes.Regarding photocatalysis,the bandgap width of catalysts is crucial for their light absorption performance and redox capability.It should be enhanced on materials with superior bandgap structures and Z-scheme heterojunctions to improve light absorption capacity,particularly for visible and near-infrared light when maintaining the catalyst's redox properties.2)For physical remediation,adsorption methods need to develop new reusable materials with high specificity,efficiency,large adsorption capacity for uranium and low cost.On account of the complex composition of contaminated water which containing various anions and cations,radioactive elements and heavy metals,so,the anti-fouling performance of adsorption materials cannot be overlooked,natural antimicrobial adsorption materials may be explored.Membrane separation methods require to development membranes with strong uranium selectivity,stable performance,low cost and lower energy consumption during the separation process.3)For microbial remediation,since the groundwater in acid in-situ leaching uranium mining area is generally an acidic environment with high concentrations of heavy metals and radioactive substances,as well as relatively low temperatures,which are unfavorable for most microbial growth.Screening and cultivating strains that are acid-resistant,heavy metal-resistant and can reproduce and exert remediation effects under low-temperature conditions from relatively extreme environments is of great significance for in-situ remediation of groundwater in uranium mining areas.In addition,the mechanisms of bioremediation generally revolve around bioadsorption,bioreduction,biomineralization,and bioaccumulation,the molecular mechanisms are still unclear and may be considered the focal point for future research.4)Combined remediation technology is highly expected.In conclusion,we should focus on translating theoretical research into practical solutions,coupled with reliable monitoring and assessment technologies.It is believed that with the continuous discovery of various new theories and technologies,new insights and ideas will be provided for the remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater,especially in-situ remediation.
作者
蒙萍
李江
李琪航
刘亚洁
孙占学
MENG Ping;LI Jiang;LI Qihang;LIU Yajie;SUN Zhanxue(State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment,East China University of Technology,Nanchang 330013,China;Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution,East China University of Technology,Nanchang 330013,China;School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering,East China University of Technology,Nanchang 330013,China;School of Education,East China University of Technology,Fuzhou 344000,Jiangxi,China)
出处
《有色金属(冶炼部分)》
北大核心
2025年第10期39-52,共14页
Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy)
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42430716)。
关键词
铀矿
地浸采铀
地下水污染
地下水修复
微生物修复
uranium mine
in-situ leaching of uranium
groundwater pollution
groundwater remediation
microbial remediation
