摘要
董仲舒的历史使命是重建王教。他所处的时代正值诸子纷争导致大道分裂、秦灭学、汉初路线不定,社会期盼王教,武帝崇儒向道。他回应时代需要,提出了系统的王教理论。总纲是奉天法古。奉天,意即报本反始;又遵奉天道——依阳德阴刑确定德主刑辅思路,依四时领会天生育养长之德行政。法古即率由旧章,恪守先王之道。奉天则须事天。郊事天,教化首务。祭天、祭祖是教化最重要的且是首要的环节。“通三统”说之宗教意义是探讨国家祭祀体制。贯彻落实教化,理论是奉元。改正朔、定元日是大事。实践是正本。自上而下,正心为要。实施教化靠官吏,因而须兴学养贤。官吏队伍以郡守、县令两级为关键岗位,须注重培养和选拔。
Dong Zhongshu's historical mission was to reconstruct the royal teaching.He lived in an era marked by the contention of various schools of thought,leading to the fragmentation of the Great Way,the suppression of learning by the Qin dynasty,and the uncertain direction of the early Han dynasty.Society longed for royal teaching,while Emperor Wu revered Confucianism and leaned towards Daoism.In response to the needs of the time,he proposed a systematic theory of royal teaching.The main principle is to follow heaven and adhere to the ancient ways.Following heaven means to return to the origin and reflect on the beginning;it also involves adhering to the way of heaven—determining the relationship between virtue and punishment based on the principles of Yang and Yin,and understanding the virtues of nurturing and growth through the four seasons in governance.Adhering to the ancient ways means to follow the old regulations and strictly uphold the path of the former kings.To follow heaven,one must serve heaven.The rituals for heaven and the primary duty of education are essential.Sacrificing to heaven and ancestors is the most important and primary aspect of education.The religious significance of the"Three Unifications"theory is to explore the national sacrificial system.Implementing education relies on the theory of returning to the origin.Correcting the calendar and establishing the first day of the year are significant matters.Practice is about returning to the fundamentals.From top to bottom,rectifying the heart is essential.The implementation of education depends on officials,thus it is necessary to promote learning and cultivate the virtuous.The official ranks,particularly the positions of county governors and magistrates,are key roles that require emphasis on training and selection.
作者
谢遐龄
XIE Xialing(School of Social Development and Public Policy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)
出处
《衡水学院学报》
2025年第5期34-41,共8页
Journal of Hengshui University
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“董仲舒传世文献考辨与历代注疏研究”(19ZDA027)。
关键词
董仲舒
王教
奉天法古
郊祀
奉元正本
兴学养贤
Dong Zhongshu
kingly education
following the will of heaven and learning from the ancients
offering sacrifices to heaven and earth in the suburbs
following the way of heaven and setting right the origin
initiating education and cultivating worthy persons
