摘要
山嘴沟出土西夏文献中有一纸活字文献题记残叶,记录了参与这部文献印刷过程中的人员名单,以及早期活字印刷流程中的最后四道工序:校印面、拣活字、排印字、刷印。第三道工序是固字排版环节,并非旧译的“作字兼丁者”,即刻制印字环节。题记也显示在造轮取字之前拣字不易、耗费人力的早期活字印刷状况,还补充了传世材料中未曾提及的拣字、排印之前有一个校印面字样的环节。题记所属文献初为学界判定为泥活字,但文献存留有木活字卡字的竹片墨痕,也不存在泥活字交笔不直、气眼笔画等特征,几乎否定了以往关于泥活字、木活字判定的绝大多数标准,但文字歪斜不定、笔画变形等泥活字特征又颇为明显,尚难准确判定是泥活字还是木活字。无论其归属如何,残叶为我国早期活字印刷补充了传世文献之外更为丰富的史料,而多民族成员共同参与活字印刷的生产实践,也见证了历史上实实在在的民族交融。
Among the Xixia documents unearthed from Shanzuigou valley,there is a fragment of a movable type document inscription,which records the list of personnel involved in the printing process of this document,as well as the last four steps in the early movable type printing process:checking the print-ing sur face,selecting movable type,arranging the type,and printing.The third step is the type setting and typesetting phase,which is not the“making type and ink”phase as previously translated,that is,the phase of engraving the type.The inscription also reveals the early movable type printing situation where selecting characters be fore making the wheel and obtaining characters was difficult and labor-intensive,supplement-ing the link of checking the printing surface before selecting and arranging characters that is not mentioned in the existing materials.The inscription is classified by the philological community as clay movable type,but the document retains ink marks on bamboo slices with wooden movable type cards,and there are no characteristics such as uneven strokes or air bubbles in clay movable type.This almost negates most of the previous criteria for determining clay movable type and wooden movable type,but the characteristics of clay movable type such as slanted and irregular characters and deformed strokes are quite obvious,making it difficult to accurately determine whether it is clay movable type or wooden movable type.Regardless of its attribution,the fragment adds richer historical materials beyond the existing literature to early movable type printing in China,and the multi-ethnic members’participation in the production practice of movable type printing witnesses the tangible ethnic integration.
出处
《西夏研究》
2025年第3期99-105,共7页
Xixia Research
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“出土西夏字书整理研究及语料库建设”(项目批准号:19ZDA202)的阶段性成果。
关键词
山嘴沟
西夏文献
活字印刷
印刷流程
民族交融
Shanzuigou valley
Xixia documents
movable type printing
printing process
ethnic integration
