摘要
安全例外的法律渊源指证明安全例外规则现实存在及其法律效力的表现形式或裁判规范。条约系安全例外的主要法律渊源,表现为安全例外条款。然而,投资领域并无统一适用的多边投资条约。安全例外条款的措辞模糊性及其仅在缔约方之间适用的特性,使得投资领域中相同及不同安全例外条款下“类案不同判”、安全例外适用规范缺失等现象较为突出。唯有拓展投资领域安全例外的法律渊源,方可有效解现实困境。目前思路将安全例外认定为与习惯国际法中的危急情况同一渊源,或以国内法作为法律渊源,均无法充分实现安全例外意图达成的赋权及限权效果。其实,安全例外以习惯国际法作为法律渊源,具有现实基础、制度基础及观念基础。安全例外之实践具有一般性或至少具有一般性趋向,并展现了一定程度的法律确信,可将其识别为一项单独的习惯国际法规则。
The security exceptions'sources of law are the manifestations that attest to the reality of the rule of security exceptions and their legal effects or norms for judgement.Treaties are the main source of law for security exceptions,which are manifested in security exception clauses.However,there is no uniformly applicable multilateral investment treaty in the field of investment.The ambiguity of the wording of security exception clauses and their applicability only among the parties make the phenomenon in the investment field of"different judgments in similar cases"under the same and different security exception clauses and the lack of norms for the application of security exceptions more prominent.Only by expanding the security exceptions'sources of law can the practical difficulties be effectively alleviated.The current thinking identifies the security exception as the same source as the state of necessity in customary international law,or uses domestic law as the source of law,which cannot fully realize the empowering and limiting effect that the security exception is intended to achieve.In fact,there is practical,institutional and conceptual basis for security exception to regard customary international law as its source of law.The security exception practice is general or reflects the general trending and demonstrates a degree of opinio juris,for which it could be recognized as a separate rule of customary international law.
出处
《国际法学刊》
2025年第4期96-124,157,共30页
Journal of International Law
关键词
国家安全
安全例外
法律渊源
习惯国际法
自保观念
National Security
Security Exceptions
Sources of Law
Customary International Law
Concept of Self-preservation
