摘要
1.INTRODUCTION The rapid research progression in metal batteries(MBs)highlights the importance of metal anodes,the most energy-dense choice among all anodes.Metal anodes involve alkali metals(Li,Na,and K)1 and multivalent metals(Mg,Ca,Zn,and Al),2 and they are usually utilized in the form of metal foils.However,the practical application of metal anodes is accompanied by notorious challenges such as safety risks induced by metal dendrite growth,low Coulombic efficiency(CE)caused by parasitic reactions and“dead metal”,unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and low utilization of metal anodes due to their excessive thicknesses.
基金
the financial support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EP/X000087/1,EP/V000152/1)
Leverhulme Trust(RPG-2021-138)
Royal Society(IEC\NSFC\223016)
Science and Technology Facilities Council Batteries Network(ST/R006873/1).
