摘要
力学超材料是一类人造结构化材料,其本质是以人工微结构为单元构造的复合结构,旨在通过设计人工微结构单元的形状、尺寸和周期性排列模式增强宏观整体结构的力学性能,实现负泊松比、多稳态、轻质高强、可编程/重编程等超常力学性能。然而,通过常规材料制备的力学超材料难以满足不同工程应用场景对功能器件的多环境场自适应性、迅速可控环境响应和能量转化等性能要求。结合力学超材料和先进功能材料构筑的力学功能超材料从材料角度拓展了力学超材料的性能,可以实现可调控的力电、力磁、力热等耦合响应,有望实现力学超材料的多功能工程应用。本文从超常力学性能和典型分类方面阐述了力学超材料的研究进展,从构筑方法和耦合响应方面详细介绍了力电、力磁和力热超材料3类代表性力学功能超材料,总结与展望了力学功能超材料在航空航天和海洋工程领域的潜在工程应用,包括自折展卫星太阳翼、微型航天器自供能、卫星平台隔振、海洋工程与装备监测感知和海洋波浪能采集等。
Mechanical metamaterials are a category of artificial structural materials and essentially composite structures constructed with artificial microstructure units,which aim to enhance mechanical properties of macroscopic overall structure by designing the shape,size and periodic arrangement mode of artificial microstructure units,and to achieve extraordinary mechanical properties such as negative Poisson’s ratio,multi-stability,lightweight and high strength,and programmability/reprogrammability.However,mechanical metamaterials fabricated by conventional materials are difficult to meet the performance requirements of multi-environmental field adaptability,rapid and controllable environmental response,and energy conversion for functional devices in different engineering application scenarios.Mechanically functional metamaterials constructed by combining mechanical metamaterials with advanced functional materials expand the performance of mechanical metamaterials from the material perspective,and can achieve tunable electro-mechanical,magneto-mechanical and thermo-mechanical coupling responses,which are expected to realize the multifunctional engineering applications of mechanical metamaterials.This review describes the extraordinary mechanical properties and typical classifications of mechanical metamaterials,detailly introduce the construction methods and coupling responses of three representative mechanically functional metamaterials,namely electro-mechanical,magneto-mechanical and thermo-mechanical metamaterials,and summarizes and prospects the potential engineering applications of mechanically functional metamaterials in the fields of aerospace and marine engineering,including self-folding satellite solar wings,micro-spacecraft self-powered,satellite platform vibration isolation,marine engineering and equipment monitoring and sensing,and marine wave energy harvesting.
作者
毛振军
许海波
滕园
陈远杭
王佳骏
闵业恒
焦鹏程
MAO Zhenjun;XU Haibo;TENG Yuan;CHEN Yuanhang;WANG Jiajun;MIN Yeheng;JIAO Pengcheng(PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited,Hangzhou 310000,China;Zhejiang University,Zhoushan 316021,China)
出处
《航空制造技术》
北大核心
2025年第15期47-62,共16页
Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology
关键词
力学功能超材料
力学超材料
功能材料
航空航天
海洋工程
Mechanically functional metamaterials
Mechanical metamaterials
Functional materials
Aerospace
Marine engineering
