摘要
在湘黔桂毗邻带的侗、苗、毛南、仫佬、水、壮等民族的观念中,开基者获得了聚落的入住权,后来者也可以通过“拟血缘化”接纳获得寨籍,进而获得入住权。入住权和资源的拥有与利用密切结合,在此基础上确立起集情感、政治、经济和文化于一体的血缘家族聚落社会复合体。由于国家在场,各民族长期相互共处,其住居空间相互嵌合,形成了聚落社会的复杂关系;但在其复杂关系中各聚落社会共同遵守开基的“入住权”,并与寨籍、族籍相结合,由此界分了各民族聚落资源的所有权、管理权与使用权。随着国家力量在该区域的不断加强,聚落社会的开基入住权融入保甲里邻治理体系之中,成为地方行政管理的有效资源。这种“国家在场”的聚落社会,不仅展现出乡村聚落社会对国家的依靠,而且也表现出“家国同构”的凝聚力与生命力,从而避免了由于聚落资源稀缺而发生争执与纠纷,维护了该区域聚落社会的有序化。
According to the traditional worldviews of the Dong,Miao,Maonan,Gelao,Shui,Zhuang,and other ethnic groups in the junction areas of Hunan,Guizhou,and Guangxi provinces,pioneering migrants obtained the right of habitation in the settlements,while gaining authority over the development,utilization,management,and control of the resources within these settlements.It is difficult for the latecomers to obtain the right of habitation in these settlements,as this may induce disputes or even conflicts arising from the redistribution of resources.However,they could obtain residency by establishing a“quasi-blood relationship”with the founding communities,such as“uxorilocal marriage”or“sworn oath-brotherhood of the same age”.This initiated the orderly management of the settlement society,achieving the effective allocation of resources by closely integrating the right to occupancy with ownership and utilization.On this basis,a consanguineous family clan settlement society with intertwined emotional,political,economic,and cultural bonds was formed.Pioneership,village identity,ethnic identity,and land rights became closely integrated,emerging as the main social force for the survival and development of various local ethnic societies.On the one hand,these elements became protective mechanisms for the members of the settlement,realizing orderly utilization of resources,and on the other hand,they promoted the cohesion of the settlement society while mitigating external disruptions.Over time,state involvement,long-term ethnic coexistence,and spatial inter-embedding fostered complex relational dynamics within these settlements.However,amid such complexity,each settlement consistently upheld the pioneers“right of habitation,”demarcating the ownership,management rights,and usage rights of the resources of each ethnic settlement.Under the influence of a sense of family-settlement community,geographical boundaries and property rights boundaries between families and settlements became unified.That not only reflected the close relationship between humans and nature under specific ecological conditions,but also showed the interaction between people within a particular social context.This prevented disputes over settlement resources and maintained regional societal order.With the gradual consolidation of national power in this region after the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the right of habitation in the settlement society had been integrated into the governance system of Baojia,becoming an effective tool for the local administration.This kind of“state-presence”settlement society not only showed the dependence of rural settlement society on the state,but also the cohesion and vitality of the“family-nation”structure.While engaging in external economic exchanges and cross-cultural cooperation,these settlements effectively safeguarded the rights and interests of themselves,their families,clans,and entire villages.They also enabled ethnic cultures to adapt to the changes in the external social environment,and better maintain the survival,development,and continuation of local societies.As a form of survival wisdom of the people in the traditional societies,the homeland and national sentiments inherent in these rural settlements may have a lot to borrow or sublimate in the current tide of rural revitalization and construction.
作者
罗康隆
向娟
Luo Kanglong;Xiang Juan(Hubei Minzu University,Enshi,445000,Hubei,China;Huaihua University,Huaihua,418099,Hunan,China)
出处
《民族学刊》
北大核心
2025年第8期95-103,163,共10页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
国家社会科学基金项目“清代以来湘黔桂边区民族民间戏剧文化交融历程研究”(22BMZ060)阶段性成果。
关键词
聚落社会
开基入住权
资源配置
社会秩序
settlement society,pioneership and right of habitation
resource allocation
social order
