摘要
为明确西藏阿里地区影响油菜生产的关键因素并筛选适宜栽培措施,以‘青油17’为材料,开展播期、播量及施氮量单因素试验。播期试验(S)设5月13日(S1)、5月18日(S2)和5月23日(S3)3个处理,播量为22.50 kg/hm^(2);播量试验(D)于5月13日播种,设6个播量,分别为4.50 kg/hm^(2)(D1)、9.00 kg/hm^(2)(D2)、13.50 kg/hm^(2)(D3)、18.00 kg/hm^(2)(D4)、22.50 kg/hm^(2)(D5)、27.00 kg/hm^(2)(D6);施氮量试验(N)于5月13日播种,播量为22.50 kg/hm^(2),设4个处理,分别为不施氮肥(N1)、150.00 kg/hm^(2)(常规施肥,N2)、195.00 kg/hm^(2)(N3)、240.00 kg/hm^(2)(N4),按照底肥:蕾薹肥=6:4的方式施用。系统调查油菜生育期、产量、品质等主要性状表现。结果显示,播期对油菜生育进程影响最为显著,推迟播种导致全生育期缩短,会使油菜产量降低16.27%和28.57%、芥酸含量下降;播量增加主要通过改变单株有效角果数来影响产量,最优播量13.50 kg/hm^(2)时产量达峰值,且播量与硫苷含量极显著相关(r=0.0533);施氮量与产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.2021),最佳施氮量195.00 kg/hm^(2)时产量较N1提升81.10%,过量施肥则抑制生长。综合得出,西藏阿里地区油菜高产栽培参数为5月13日播种、播量13.50 kg/hm^(2)、施氮量195.00 kg/hm^(2)。主成分分析表明,生育期、单株有效角果数、产量可作为筛选油菜生产关键技术(播期、播量和施氮量)的主要参考指标。研究还发现,油酸含量变异系数最大(0.1599),易受栽培措施影响,而含油量遗传稳定(变异系数0.0319);播期处理中5月18日播种(S2)综合品质最优,含油量提升4.10%~4.60%,硫苷含量最低;施氮量150.00 kg/hm^(2)(N2)时“双低”表现最佳。
To identify the key factors affecting rapeseed production and screen suitable cultivation measures in Ali Prefecture,Xizang,single-factor experiments on sowing date,sowing rate,and nitrogen application rate were carried out using‘Qingyou 17’as the material.The sowing date experiment(S)set three treatments:May 13(S1),May 18(S2),and May 23(S3),with a seeding rate of 22.50 kg/hm^(2).The seeding rate experiment(D)was sown on May 13,with six seeding rates:4.50 kg/hm^(2)(D1),9.00 kg/hm^(2)(D2),13.50 kg/hm^(2)(D3),18.00 kg/hm^(2)(D4),22.50 kg/hm^(2)(D5),and 27.00 kg/hm^(2)(D6).The nitrogen application rate experiment(N)was sown on May 13 with a sowing rate of 22.50 kg/hm^(2) and included four treatments:no nitrogen fertilizer(N1),150.00 kg/hm^(2)(conventional fertilization,N2),195.00 kg/hm^(2)(N3),and 240.00 kg/hm^(2)(N4),applied in a base fertilizer:bolt fertilizer ratio of 6:4.The main traits such as growth period,yield,and quality of rapeseed were systematically investigated.The results showed that the sowing date had the most significant impact on the growth process of rapeseed.Delayed sowing shortened the total growth period,reducing rapeseed yield by 16.27%and 28.57%,and decreasing erucic acid content.Increasing the seeding rate mainly affected yield by changing the number of effective siliques per plant.The yield peaked at the optimal seeding rate of 13.50 kg/hm^(2),and there was an extremely significant correlation between seeding rate and glucosinolate content(r=0.0533).Nitrogen application rate was extremely significantly positively correlated with yield(r=0.2021).When the optimal nitrogen application rate was 195.00 kg/hm^(2),the yield increased by 81.10%compared with N1,while excessive fertilization inhibited growth.Overall,the high-yield cultivation parameters for rapeseed in Ali Prefecture,Xizang were determined as sowing on May 13,a sowing rate of 13.50 kg/hm^(2),and a nitrogen application rate of 195.00 kg/hm^(2).Principal component analysis indicated that growth period,number of effective pods per plant,and yield could serve as primary reference indicators for screening key rapeseed production techniques(sowing date,sowing rate,and nitrogen application rate).The study also found that oleic acid content had the largest coefficient of variation(0.1599),making it susceptible to cultivation practices,while oil content was genetically stable(coefficient of variation 0.0319).Among the sowing date treatments,sowing on May 18(S2)resulted in the best overall quality,with oil content increasing by 4.10%-4.60%and the lowest glucosinolate content.The double-low(low erucic acid and low glucosinolate)performance was optimal at a nitrogen application rate of 150.00 kg/hm^(2)(N2).
作者
曹小东
才旺卓玛
央珍
索珍
确宗
赵亚军
杨飞
张智
王灏
CAO Xiaodong;CAIWANGZHUOMA;YANG Zhen;SUO Zhen;QUE Zong;ZHAO Yajun;YANG Fei;ZHANG Zhi;WANG Hao(Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Pulan County Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station,Ali,Xizang 859000;Shaanxi Province Agricultural Technology Extension Station,Xi’an 710000)
出处
《中国农学通报》
2025年第20期33-40,共8页
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin
基金
西藏阿里地区科技计划项目“基于适宜阿里地区的油菜种质培育与绿色增产关键技术研究与示范”(QYXTZX-AL2023-03)
陕西省重点研发计划项目“高油高产优质多抗宜机收油菜种质资源创新与利用”(2024NC2-GJHX-34)。
关键词
西藏阿里
油菜
播期
播量
施氮量
产量
品质
Ali,Xizang
rapeseed
sowing date
seeding rate
nitrogen application rate
yield
quality
