摘要
为探究采煤沉陷区生态修复而形成的人工湿地中越冬鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)生境利用模式及其行为变化规律,于2023年10月—2024年4月,在淮南鸳鸯湖城郊湿地公园采用定点观察法和瞬时扫描法对越冬鸳鸯在不同天气、越冬阶段以及雌雄个体间的生境利用和日行为模式进行研究,观察记录觅食、休息、游泳、移动、社群、维持、警戒和飞行等行为,共记录1628条有效数据,累积时长407 h。结果显示:(1)越冬鸳鸯种群数量在不同越冬阶段存在显著性差异(χ^(2)=27.031,P<0.001),中期种群数量最多且相对稳定[(223.526±11.026)只,雌雄性比1∶1.16]。(2)越冬鸳鸯对鸳鸯湖5种类型生境的利用存在明显偏向性特征(χ^(2)=163.436,P<0.001),通常选择生境面积最小(0.034 hm^(2))且可利用率最低(0.005)的水域-芦苇交错区栖息觅食(偏好指数128.074)。(3)不同天气条件下越冬鸳鸯的日行为时间分配具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。在晴天,越冬鸳鸯的觅食、游泳、维持、警戒和飞行行为相对于阴雨和雾霾天时间占比最高,休息行为占比最低;阴雨或雾霾天,越冬鸳鸯则增加个体静息等低能耗行为,减少觅食和飞行等高能耗行为。(4)不同越冬阶段以及性别之间越冬鸳鸯日行为时间分配模式不同。鸳鸯的日行为时间分配整体组成仅在越冬前期和后期之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),具体表现为游泳和社群行为在越冬中期时间占比最高,均显著高于前期;警戒行为则随着越冬期进程呈现前期最高,中期次之,后期最低的变化趋势;觅食、休息、移动、维持和飞行等行为在不同越冬阶段不存在显著性差异。不同性别之间个体在休息、游泳、社群和维持行为上的日行为时间分配呈显著性差异(P<0.05),觅食、移动、警戒和飞行等行为则无明显差异。研究表明,在城郊人工湿地公园中,越冬鸳鸯展现出不同于传统越冬地的生境利用模式和行为特征。鸳鸯通常选择避开人类活动频繁的区域和时间,以减少人为干扰所带来的影响。研究结果为理解鸳鸯等越冬雁鸭类水鸟对生态修复后人工湿地的生态适应机制以及栖息地恢复和物种保护等提供科学依据。
To understand the patterns of habitat use pattern and behavioral change of wintering mandarin ducks(Aix gale⁃riculata)in the artificial wetland by ecological restoration after the coal mining subsidence areas,we used instantaneous scanning and fixed-point observation methods to quantify weather,period,and sex induced differences in daily behavior patterns which included foraging,resting,swimming,walking,social group,maintenance,vigilance and flying,based on 1628 records collected over 407 hours in Yuanyang Lake,Huainan,from October 2023 to April 2024.The results showed that(1)the population size of wintering mandarin ducks varied significantly through different wintering periods,with the popu⁃lation being largest and relatively stable in the middle period[population size(223.526±11.026)Ind.,sex ratio 1∶1.16].(2)these preferred to the open water-reeds area,even though this area had the smallest habitat area(0.034 hm^(2))and the lowest availability(0.005)among the five habitat types(χ^(2)=163.436,P<0.001).(3)there was significant difference in the time allocation of daily behavior under three weather conditions(P<0.05).Foraging,swimming,maintenance,vigi⁃lance,and flying behaviors percentage of time was significantly longer on sunny days compared to overcast-rainy and hazy days,while resting behaviors was at its lowest on sunny days.The wintering mandarin ducks reduced individual energy cost by increasing low-energy behaviors such as resting and decreasing high-energy behaviors such as foraging,and flying in overcast-rainy or hazy day.(4)there were differences in the time allocation of daily behavior among wintering periods and genders.The overall composition of daily behavioral time allocations of mandarin ducks differed significantly only in the early and later periods(P<0.05).Swimming and social group had the highest percentage of time in the middle period,both significantly higher than in the early period,meanwhile,vigilance showed the highest in the early period,followed by middle and later periods of the wintering.Other behaviors,such as foraging,resting,walking,maintenance,and flying,showed no significant differences through the three wintering periods.Significant gender-based differences were observed in the time allocation of daily behaviors,including resting,swimming,social group and maintenance(P<0.05),whereas foraging,walking,vigilance,and flying were not significantly different.Based on the results,the wintering mandarin ducks showed different habitat use patterns and behavioral rhythms from those of traditional wintering sites.They prefer to avoid areas and times of high anthropogenic activities in order to minimize the impact of human disturbance.The results of the study provide scientific basis in understanding the ecological adaptation of the wintering mandarin ducks and other water⁃birds in the artificial restored wetland,as well as for habitat restoration and species conservation.
作者
程磊
李友菊
高齐齐
陈锦云
刘刚
CHENG Lei;LI Youju;GAO Qiqi;CHEN Jinyun;LIU Gang(School of Biological Engineering,Huainan Normal University,Huainan 232038,China;Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes,Huainan 232038,China;School of Life Sciences,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230032,China)
出处
《野生动物学报》
北大核心
2025年第3期603-614,共12页
CHINESE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE
基金
安徽省高校自然科学重点项目(2024AH051748)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32470560)
2024年安徽省大学生创新训练计划项目(S201410381145)。
关键词
生境利用
行为时间分配
人工湿地
越冬鸳鸯
采煤沉陷湿地
Habitat use
Time-activity budget
Artificial wetland
Wintering mandarin duck(Aix galericulata)
Mining subsidence wetland
