摘要
善知是对亚里士多德的νοῦς比较恰当的中译。善知是灵魂的理性结构中的固有要素,它追求善的目的,并在善行为中采取适当手段把握始点(ἀρχαὶ)。作为灵魂能力,善知被称为“灵魂之眼”。人类依靠它洞察现象的本源,理解具体事物的本质,从两端理解作为始点的终极(τῶνἐσχάτων)。善知的能动性以感知直观能力和智性能力为基础,构成了解释特殊性和普遍性的桥梁。在实践推理中,中项融贯理论理性和实践理性,是善知的能动性在判断和推理层面的体现。善知的实践判断力由“直观善”和“判断善”两种能力构成。善知是实践智慧(φρόνησίς)的必要条件,通过德性活动领会和理解始点。善知的运用涉及在具体情形中权衡规则和例外,这有赖于其在论证中对事物或情况的特定判断。从νοῦς的缝隙处看实践智慧,就会发现它实际上提供了理论应用于实践的标准和方法。实践哲学可以参考基于善知的融贯主义权衡模式,展开诸种可以称之为“目视”的道德形态学视域。
Good knowledge is an appropriate Chinese translation of Aristotle's vous.It is an inherent element of the rational structure of the soul that pursues the goal of goodness,and uses appropriate means in good behaviour to grasp the"starting point"(ἀρχαὶ).As a faculty of the soul,good knowledge is called"the eye of the soul."Human beings rely on good knowledge to gain insight into the origin of phenomena,understand the nature of concrete things,thereby comprehending the"ultimate"(τῶνἐσχάτων)as the starting point from both ends.The dynamism of good knowledge,based on the intuitive and intellectual faculties of perception,constitutes the bridge that connects the explaining particularity and universality.In practical reasoning,the middle term integrates theoretical and practical reason,manifesting the dynamics of good knowledge at the levels of judgment and reasoning.The practical judgment of good knowledge consists of two abilities:"intuitive goodness"and"judgmental goodness."Good knowledge is a prerequisite for practical wisdom(φρόνησίς),understanding and comprehending through virtuous activity.The application of good knowledge involves weighing rules and exceptions in specific situations,which depends on its specific judgement of things or situations in argumentation.Viewing practical wisdom through the cracks of "νοῦς" reveals that it actually provides criteria and methods for applying theory to practice.Practical philosophy can develop various moral morphological perspectives that can be termed"visualisation"by referring to the coherentist balancing model based on good knowledge.
作者
田海平
林剑英
Tian Haiping;Lin Jianying
出处
《山东社会科学》
北大核心
2025年第6期111-121,173,共12页
Shandong Social Sciences
基金
教育部人文社会科学基地北京师范大学价值与文化研究中心课题“现代科学技术发展的价值问题研究”(项目编号:25JJD720007)的阶段性成果。
关键词
善知
νοῦς
实践智慧
特殊性
good knowledge
νοῦς
practical wisdom
particularity
