摘要
在历史上,长江一直相对安澜,但至清道光年间长江水患突然频仍起来,已几乎与黄河类似。这无疑与长江流域的水环境变化有密切的关系,尤其是江水中泥沙含量的增加。以往的研究将此更多地视为生态恶化的结果,但上游的垦山活动不仅养活了无数的山中穷民,而引起的水土流失,经过水流的搬运又给中下游带去了天赐沃壤。这些滨水新淤沙洲成为中国南方山地开发之后移民又一个新的主要去处。在明代以前,这类沙洲并未引起国家的特别注意,大多由地方势要之家占据。明朝建立之后,把长江中下游的芦洲纳入州县和卫所的管理,作为砍办芦柴之用,归南京工部职掌。明中后期财政上的危机,引起政府对芦课的重视,并推动了芦政的建设,包括对芦洲的勘丈、管理条例、催征制度以及沿江洲地纠纷的处理等。明清王朝因芦课、田赋的收益,有责任对芦洲、洲地治理发挥作用,尤其在资源争竞上维护滨水社会的秩序。
Historically,the Yangtze River had remained relatively calm,but by the Daoguang(道光)period of the Qing Dynasty,the frequency of floods increased significantly,almost reaching levels similar to those of the Yellow River.This is undoubtedly closely related to the changes in the water environment of the Yangtze River Basin,particularly the sediment content in the river's waters.Previous studies have tended to view this as a result of ecological degradation;however,this study argues that the upstream reclamation activities not only provided livelihoods for countless poor people in the mountains,but also led to soil erosion,which,through the movement of water,brought fertile soil to the middle and lower reaches.These newly formed sandbanks along the river became a major destination for settlers after the development of southern China's mountainous areas.Before the Ming Dynasty,these sandbanks were largely ignored by the state and were mostly occupied by local influential families.After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty,the government began to manage the reed islands in the middle and lower Yangtze River region,using them for reed harvesting,under the authority of the Ministry of Public Works in Nanjing.The fiscal crises of the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty prompted the government to pay more attention to reed administration,promoting the construction of policies regarding reed management,including land surveying,regulatory systems,tax collection,and the resolution of disputes over river islands.Both the Ming and Qing Dynasties,benefiting from reed taxes and land rents,played a significant role in the governance of river islands,particularly in maintaining order within riparian societies(滨水社会)through competition forresources.
出处
《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》
北大核心
2025年第4期165-181,共17页
Journal of Nankai University Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition
关键词
长江流域
水环境
洲渚
芦课
滨水社会
Yangtze River Basin
Water Environment
Sandbanks
Reed Taxes
Riparian Society
