摘要
高等教育学科结构的动态变迁与调整优化,特别是理工农医类学科的合理占比问题,是关乎我国高等教育布局战略性调整的核心议题。基于国别面板数据分析发现,高等教育学科结构及其变迁在不同类型国家、不同发展阶段与不同发展模式之间,既表现出共性,也呈现异质性。学科结构与国家发展模式、收入发展阶段及创新水平密切相关,并不存在一个固定统一、静态不变的最优理工农医占比。其中,高收入国家的理工农医占比明显更高,高创新国家的理科、医科占比明显更高,工科占比可能略低但大体持平。在向高收入阶段迈进过程中,理工农医占比普遍呈现“先低后高、逐渐扩大”变化趋势。逐步进入高收入阶段后,不同国家会选取不同的创新驱动发展模式,小国倾向于“合作型”模式,大国倾向于“自主型”模式,学科结构的变迁特征会因此分化。调整优化学科结构的关键在于在适应本国国情及其发展阶段的基础上,动态调整理工农医占比及其内部结构,使之更好地支撑创新驱动发展。我国的学科结构布局须稳步提高理工农医总体占比,优化理工农医学科内部比例,加强基础理科、新兴学科、前沿学科建设,扩大医科人才供给。
The dynamic changes and optimization of disciplinary structures in higher education,particularly the appropriate proportions of science,technology,agriculture and medicine in academic disciplines,is a core issue concerning the strategic layout of China's higher education.This study,based on an analysis of country-by-country panel data,finds that higher education shows commonalities and differences in the disciplinary structure and its changes between different types of countries,and between their different stages or modes of development.The disciplinary structure in a country is closely related to the mode of its development,the stage of its income development,and the level of its innovation,and there is no fixed,static or optimal proportion of science,engineering,agriculture or medicine in academic disciplines.In a high-income country,there are significantly higher proportions of science,engineering,agriculture and medicine;in a highly innovative country,there is a significantly higher proportion of science or medicine,and a slightly lower but roughly average proportion of engineering.During the process where a country steps into a high-income stage,the proportions of science,engineering,agriculture and medicine tend to be low at first but gradually become increasingly high.After entering a high-income stage,different countries will choose different modes of innovation-driven development.Specifically,small countries tend to choose the mode of cooperation,while large countries tend to choose the mode of independence.As a result,their disciplinary structures tend to vary.The key to optimizing the disciplinary structure lies in the dynamic adjustment of the proportions and internal structures of science,engineering,agriculture and medicine,based on the adaptation to the national conditions and the development stage of the country,so that they can more effectively support innovation-driven development.In terms of the structural layout of academic disciplines,China needs to steadily increase the overall proportions of science,engineering,agriculture and medicine in academic disciplines,optimize the internal ratios of these disciplines,make more efforts to establish basic sciences,emerging disciplines and cutting-edge disciplines,and increase the supply of medical talents.
作者
李立国
田浩然
王敬尧
Li Liguo;Tian Haoran;Wang Jingyao(School of Education,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084;Ministry of EducationTsinghua University Research Center for Strategic Decision-Making and National Planning of Educational Development,Beijing 100084;School of Education,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)
出处
《教育研究》
北大核心
2025年第7期16-32,共17页
Educational Research
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究2020年度重大课题攻关项目“我国博士生招生和培养规模结构质量问题研究”(编号:20JZD051)的研究成果。
关键词
高等教育学科结构
理工农医
经济增长
创新发展
国际比较
the disciplinary structure of higher education
science,technology,agriculture and medicine
economic growth
innovative development
international comparison
