摘要
第二次鸦片战争结束后,清廷开始筹划在直隶练兵,旨在以绿营为基础,将之改造为缓急可恃的军队。从同治二年至同治八年,直隶练军经历就饷练兵、设立练军和改制三个阶段。最初,直隶总督刘长佑拟定练兵方案,但效果不彰,改由兵部、户部直接拟定章程,设立练军,但练军仍难堪大用。然而,清廷仍决定维系练军建制,改由曾国藩参酌勇营制度改革。最终成型的直隶练军制度是朝廷既要统驭军队又要提升战力的产物,其兵源和人事仍循绿营旧制,统驭之权掌控在清廷中枢手中,而勇营的营制和饷需制度被嵌入绿营,实现了一定程度的战力提升。
After the Second Opium War,the Qing court began to train troops in Zhili,with the aim of transforming the Green Standard Army into a force that could be relied on in times of emergency.From the second year to the eighth year of the Tongzhi reign(1863-1869),the training of troops in Zhili went through three stages:training with pay,establishing a training army,and restructuring.Initially,Liu Changyou,the governor of Zhili,drew up a training plan,but the result was not satisfactory.The Ministry of War and the Ministry of Revenue directly drafted regulations and established a training army,but the training army was still difficult to implement.However,the Qing court still decided to maintain the training system and assigned Zeng Guofan to participate in the reform of the yongying(勇营)system.The final formation of the training army system in Zhili was a product of the court's need to control the army and enhance its combat effectiveness.Its military sources and personnel still followed the old system of the Green Standard Army,and the power of control remained with the central government.The yongying system and the pay system were embedded in the old system of the Green Standard Army,achieving a certain degree of combat effectiveness.
作者
武勇
WU Yong(Centre for Historical Anthropolog, Sun Yat-sen University)
出处
《清史研究》
北大核心
2025年第4期169-180,共12页
The Qing History Journal
关键词
绿营
直隶练军
曾国藩
Green Standard Army
Zhili Training Army
Zeng Guofan
