摘要
干旱是制约作物生长发育及产量的主要非生物胁迫之一.随着全球气候问题的加剧以及人口的不断增长,干旱对农业生产的影响日益严重,因此提高作物的抗旱能力对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义.本文综述了近年来报道的作物抗旱关键调控因子的研究,从形态、生理和分子水平解析作物抗旱响应机制.随着测序技术的发展,多组学研究展现出独特优势,通过整合多维度、系统化的数据,更加高效地挖掘作物抗旱关键调控因子.抗旱基因的利用需要兼顾产量和抗性的平衡,可通过表观调控、分子模块设计育种、诱导型启动子利用和顺式调控元件编辑实现稳产与抗旱协同改良.本文还分析了抗旱基因在复合逆境胁迫下的作用,为利用生物技术手段进行多基因、多标记聚合的抗旱遗传改良提供理论基础.此外,植物生长调节剂及根际微生物提高作物抗旱性的研究与应用,为作物抗旱改良提供新的策略.总之,解析作物抗旱机制,挖掘抗旱关键调控因子,培育抗旱稳产、多抗广适的作物新品种,同时将基础研究、育种实践和田间管理相结合,是提高作物抗旱性的重要途径.
Drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting plant growth and productivity.Global climate change and population expansion are seriously challenging the already-stressed agricultural ecosystems.Therefore,enhancing the drought resistance of crops is of great significance for ensuring national food security.Crops respond and adapt to drought stress by modulating morphological and physiological biochemical characteristics such as leaf morphology,stomatal aperture,root architecture,photosynthesis,osmotic regulation capacity,and antioxidant defense systems.These traits are also important indicators to evaluate the drought resistance of plants.Phytohormones,ions,and small molecules participate in the perception and transduction of drought stress signals.Crop drought-responsive gene expression is modulated via transcriptional regulation,post-translational regulation,and epigenetic regulation.In recent years,diverse drought resistance genes have been identified.This review summarizes the recent research advances of GWAS and high-throughput omics approaches for developing drought stress resistance in crops,explores the roles of epigenetic regulation,molecular module-based designer breeding,tissue-specific and/or ABA/drought-inducible promoter application,and cis-regulatory element editing in balancing drought tolerance and crop yield.We also discuss the functions of drought resistance genes under combined stress conditions.It is emphasized that pyramiding genes through marker-assisted selection and other techniques to enhance drought tolerance is a promising strategy in crop breeding.In addition to crop breeding,the application of exogenous plant growth regulators and rhizosphere microorganisms has been reported to improve crop drought resistance.Exogenous plant growth regulators,such as hormones and polyamines,mainly enhance crop drought resistance by improving antioxidant capacity and promoting osmotic adjustment capacity.Rhizosphere microorganisms assist plants in withstanding drought stress by secreting plant growth regulators,synthesizing ACC deaminase to reduce ethylene content in roots,improving plant antioxidant capacity,producing exopolysaccharides,and volatile organic compounds.Finally,this review offers a perspective for future research on crop drought tolerance,emphasizing the study of multi-omics approaches in the root system,as well as the mechanisms underlying the balance between drought tolerance and crop quality.In summary,deciphering the molecular genetic basis of drought tolerance for crop breeding,combined with field management,such as the application of exogenous plant growth regulators and microbiological fertilizer,is critical for enhancing drought resistance in crops.
作者
彭文婷
李庆
代明球
Wenting Peng;Qing Li;Mingqiu Dai(National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China)
出处
《科学通报》
北大核心
2025年第19期3149-3167,共19页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家自然科学基金(32201802)资助。
关键词
作物
抗旱性
调控机制
遗传改良
抗旱策略
crops
drought resistance
regulation mechanisms
genetic improvement
drought resistance strategies
