摘要
杂种优势是现代作物改良的重要理论与技术基础,其利用推动了农业生产力的显著提升.生物技术与育种技术的快速发展和融合,极大地丰富了杂种优势的研究手段与应用深度.本研究以“第一届全国作物杂种优势与生物育种学术大会”报告为基础,系统综述了作物杂种优势与生物育种的研究进展,回顾了作物杂种优势机理解析、杂种优势利用技术的发展历史,探讨了作物生殖发育与雄性不育机制研究及其在杂种优势利用中的作用.重点总结了决定作物产量、生产效率以及调控胁迫条件下作物生长发育等重要性状的关键基因.分析了基因组解析在生物育种中的应用实践,以及基因编辑、合成生物学等现代生物育种技术的集成化与应用推广对提升育种效率的深远影响.此外,本文还阐明了通过提高种子质量、提高育种区域特异性以及提高育种主体水平等方面发展作物种业新质生产力的路径.最后,提出解析杂种优势形成的分子机制、释放基因编辑技术应用潜力、利用人工智能和大数据技术优化生物育种范式、关注环境适应性气候变化对育种工作的影响等是未来作物杂种优势与生物育种研究的发展方向,以期为保障粮食安全、农业可持续发展提供理论研究与技术应用的参考.
Heterosis(hybrid vigor)serves as a foundational theory and technical basis for modern crop improvement,driving significant advancements in agricultural productivity.With the rapid development of biotechnology,its integration with breeding technologies has profoundly enriched the methodologies and applications of heterosis research.Based on the reports at the 1st Crop Heterosis and Bio-Breeding Conference of China,this review provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in crop heterosis and biological breeding,revisiting the historical development of heterosis mechanisms and its utilization technologies.Notably,breakthroughs in maize and rice hybrids,such as the commercialization of“You Shu 1”in potatoes and the molecular design of male-sterile lines using ZmMs7 in maize,exemplify the transformative power of genomic tools in hybrid breeding systems.Key discussions include research on reproductive development and male sterility mechanisms,and their roles in heterosis exploitation.For instance,the discovery of environment-sensitive nuclear male sterility genes(e.g.,OsTMS15 in rice)and the development of multi-control sterility(MCS)systems in maize have revolutionized hybrid seed production by eliminating manual emasculation and improving field efficiency by up to 30%.Besides,the review highlights key genes that determine traits critical to crop yield,production efficiency,and stress-regulated growth and development.Recent studies identified AT1,a conserved Gγsubunit gene in cereals,as a negative regulator of saline-alkaline tolerance;its knockout via CRISPR-Cas9 enhanced crop yields by 20%-30%in salt-affected soils,demonstrating the practical impact of gene editing in stress resilience breeding.The review further examines the application of genomic analysis in biological breeding,as well as the transformative impact of integrated and scalable breeding technologies such as gene editing and synthetic biology on breeding efficiency.For example,the integration of genome-wide association studies(GWAS)and machine learning has enabled the identification of heterosis-related loci in hybrid rice,such as qHMS7 and qHMS1,which regulate gamete viability and hybrid sterility.Moreover,the adoption of artificial intelligence(AI)-driven phenotyping platforms,achieving 95%accuracy in yield prediction,has accelerated the selection of drought-tolerant maize varieties like CIMBL55,which harbors 65 stress-adaptive alleles.Additionally,it outlines pathways for developing new quality-based productivity in the crop seed industry through improved seed quality,enhanced regional specificity in breeding,and elevated breeding entity capacities.Case studies from Xinjiang’s seed industry illustrate region-specific breeding strategies:XL1822 for grain maize,WT507U8 for silage,and Xianyu 5 for fresh consumption,all tailored to local agroecological conditions.Innovations in seed vigor testing,such as GC-IMS-based predictive models for natural aging,have optimized seed storage and planting schedules,boosting germination rates by 15%in high-value hybrids.Finally,the review identifies future research directions,including elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying heterosis,unlocking the application potential of gene editing technologies,optimizing biological breeding paradigms through AI and big data,and addressing the impact of climate change on breeding.Emerging tools like single-cell multi-omics and spatial transcriptomics are poised to unravel spatiotemporal gene expression dynamics in hybrids,while synthetic biology platforms,such as carotenoid metabolic modules engineered in cotton,offer novel pathways for trait stacking.Policy frameworks promoting public-private partnerships are critical for scaling these technologies and ensuring equitable access.These insights aim to provide theoretical and technological references for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development.By bridging cutting-edge science with scalable solutions,this synthesis charts a roadmap for next-generation breeding systems capable of meeting the dual challenges of population growth and climate volatility.
作者
魏珣
李紫文
祝蕾
董振营
张娟
田甜
吴锁伟
龙艳
安学丽
万向元
Xun Wei;Ziwen Li;Lei Zhu;Zhenying Dong;Juan Zhang;Tian Tian;Suowei Wu;Yan Long;Xueli An;Xiangyuan Wan(Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding,Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding,Beijing 100083,China;Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences,Beijing 100192,China)
出处
《科学通报》
北大核心
2025年第19期3017-3034,共18页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1003501,2022YFF1002400,2023YFF1002300)
北京市科技新星计划(20240484605)资助。
关键词
作物
杂种优势
生物育种
生殖发育
雄性不育
种业新质生产力
crops
heterosis
biotechnology breeding
reproductive development
male sterility
new quality productive forces in the seed industry
