摘要
H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)已从禽类扩散至全球多个哺乳动物物种。本文系统分析了2.3.4.4b分支H5N1 HPAIV在哺乳动物中的跨物种传播特征及其大流行风险。通过分析欧洲皮草动物(水貂、狐狸)、南美洲海洋哺乳动物(海狮、海豚)及美国奶牛群3个典型H5N1 HPAIV传播案例,揭示病毒可通过基因重配(如BB、B3.2、B3.13基因型)和获得哺乳动物适应性突变(如PB2 E627K、Q591K、D701N、M631L)等方式,突破宿主屏障传播。病毒在奶牛中通过乳腺组织嗜性实现乳汁传播,在海洋哺乳动物中呈现沿美洲海岸的扩散模式,同时发现人-动物界面(如污染环境、乳制品)存在溢出风险。诸多研究显示,病毒引发大流行需满足血凝素(HA)抗原新颖性、聚合酶适应性突变(PB2/PB1/PA)、HA稳定性改变三大条件,而基因组重组会加速宿主范围扩展。美国奶牛疫情中,病毒已形成规模化传播链(17州989个农场),伴随70例人类感染病例(41例与奶牛相关)。建议进一步强化监测,提升生物安全水平,加强疫苗研发,深入研究病毒传播机制和途径等,为H5N1 HPAIV的跨物种传播预警及大流行防控提供重要依据和有效策略。
H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus(HPAIV)has spread from avian to several mammalian species around the world.In the paper,cross-species transmission characteristics of H5N1 subtype HPAIV branch 2.3.4.4b in mammals and its pandemic risk were systematically analyzed.Based on three typical cases of H5N1 subtype HPAIV transmission in fur animals(minks and foxes)in Europe,marine mammals(sea lions and dolphins)in South America and dairy cattle in the United States,it was revealed that the virus could break through host barriers and spread through gene recombination(e.g.genotypes BB,B3.2 and B3.13)and acquisition of mammalian adaptive mutations(PB2E627K,Q591K,D701N,M631L,etc.).The virus could spread via milk through mammary tissue tropism in dairy cows,and through a wave-like spread pattern along the American coast in marine mammals,while a risk of spillover at human-animal interface(e.g.contaminated environment or dairy products)had been identified.Numerous studies revealed that three major factors,including novelty of hemagglutinin(HA)antigen,mutations of polymerase adaptation(PB2/PB1/PA)and alteration of HA stability,were required for the virus to trigger a pandemic,while hosts could be expanded by genomic recombination.In the outbreak in dairy cows in the United States,the virus had established a large-scale chain of transmission(involving 989 farms in 17 states),accompanied by 70 cases of human infection(including 41 associated with dairy cows).Therefore,recommendations were proposed,including intensive surveillance,improvement of biosecurity measures,development of vaccines,and further researches on virus transmission mechanisms and pathways,etc.,with a view to providing an important basis and an effective strategy for early warning against any cross-species transmission of H5N1 subtype HPAIV and prevention and control of any pandemic.
作者
徐婉旖
张富友
刘朔
彭程
刘华雷
蒋文明
Xu Wanyi;Zhang Fuyou;Liu Shuo;Peng Cheng;Liu Hualei;Jiang Wenming(College of Veterinary Medicine,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai'an 271018,Shandong,China;China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center,Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control(South China),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety,Qingdao 266032,Shandong,China;Shandong Xinde Technology Co.,Ltd.,Qingdao 266100,Shandong,China)
出处
《中国动物检疫》
2025年第5期28-36,共9页
China Animal Health Inspection
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802404)。
