摘要
北京近代大型庙会多在藏传佛教寺院举办,它们浸润了政治中心的社会生活。清初满汉分居政策使内城沉寂,随后官方无力维持低级别藏传佛教寺院的隔离性,促使护国寺、隆福寺分别在康熙三十八年、雍正初年开放为商业性庙会,形成东西并峙的内城商业娱乐格局;道咸以来,蒙藏风俗逐渐融入,促使雍和宫等高级别寺院衍生出节令性庙会。这两类公共空间承载着北京日常与狂欢的律动,各族各阶层男女在此接触,柔软了政治的封闭僵化,促进了北京的社会融合,而非国家—社会两分。随着近代边疆政治变迁,藏传佛教寺院僧人多由北京人充当,进入一般性城市流动,形成僧—商社会网络。因曹锟兵变,白塔寺也在民国二年开放为庙会,将东西并峙扩展为三角形商业娱乐格局,强化此网络。而庙会凝聚的边疆治理机构、社会网络又阻碍城市转型,凸显皇朝政治遗产、边疆民族、寺庙塑造的保守性格,使北京文化更趋眷恋传统。
In modern Beijing,many large-scale temple fairs were held at Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and deeply influenced the social life of the political center.In the early Qing Dynasty,the policy of ethnic separation between Manchu and Han populations left the inner city desolate.As the government gradually lost the capacity to maintain the spatial segregation of lower-ranking Tibetan Buddhist temples,Huguo Temple and Longfu Temple were opened for commercial temple fairs in the 38th year of the Kangxi reign and early Yongzheng period respectively.This led to the emergence of an east-west structure of commercial entertainment in the inner city.From the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods onward,Mongolian and Tibetan customs were increasingly integrated into local life,prompting high-ranking monasteries such as Yonghe Palace to host seasonal temple fairs.These two types of public space embodied both daily rhythms and festive expressions,bringing together men and women from various ethnic and social backgrounds,softening the political rigidity and promoting urban social integration in Beijing rather than a strict state-society dichotomy.As frontier politics shifted in the modern period,most monks in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries were replaced by Beijing locals,who entered general urban mobility and formed monk-commerce social networks.Due to Cao Kun's mutiny,Baita Temple also opened as a temple fair in 1913,expanding the previous east-west pattern into a triangular commercial and entertainment pattern,further reinforcing these networks.However,the frontier governance institutions and social networks condensed by temple fairs hindered urban transformation,highlighting the conservative character shaped by imperial political legacy,frontier ethnic groups,and monasteries,making Beijing's culture more attached to tradition.
出处
《中国藏学》
北大核心
2025年第2期126-141,218,共17页
China Tibetology
关键词
北京
城市史
藏传佛教
公共空间
民族融合
Beijing
Urban history
Tibetan Buddhism
Public space
Ethnic integration
