摘要
本文以文献与图像的双重叙事为视角,对《庄子》《山海经》《穆天子传》《史记》《淮南子》等先秦两汉文献中西王母形象做文本细读,重点探究汉代西王母神话与日月星辰、风伯昆仑等自然神话的互动互渗,尤其在汉画像石(砖)、壁画、漆画、铜镜等图像表现中,嫦娥、风伯、箕星、三足乌、蟾蜍等神话人物与物象以及玉兔捣药、羿射风伯等情节组合与西王母创造性地同框交互,衍生出引领汉人亡魂升仙的古代神话。汉人还专门为西王母塑造出全新的神话人物东王公,这在2015年出土的海昏侯刘贺墓孔子衣镜上得到了文字与图像的双重印证,表明西王母东王公相对应的图像组合模式在公元前1世纪前叶(西汉宣帝时期)已经成型。这是西王母神话在汉代重要的独创与革新。通过西王母神话的演变可得知,文献记载是图像表现的依据和脚本,而汉画像石等图像媒介对文献内容的重组与变型是汉代神话的显著特征,充分体现出公元前后中华文明未受外来宗教体系直接影响而彰显的延续性、独特性和原创性。
From the perspective of dual narratives in documents and images,this article conducts a close reading of the image of the Queen Mother of the West(Xiwangmu)in pre-Qin and Han Dynasty documents such as Zhuangzi,Shan Hai Jing(Classic of Mountains and Seas),Biography of King Mu of Zhou,Records of the Grand Historian(Shiji),and Huainanzi.It focuses on exploring the interaction and integration between the Xiwangmu myth and natural myths such as the sun,moon,stars,Fengbo(God of Wind),and Kunlun in the Han Dynasty.In particular,in visual representations such as Han Dynasty stone(brick)reliefs,murals,lacquer paintings,and bronze mirrors,mythological figures and symbols like Chang'e,Fengbo,Jixing(Winnowing Basket Star),the Three-Legged Crow,and the Toad,as well as plot combinations such as the Jade Rabbit pounding medicine and Yi shooting Fengbo,are creatively juxtaposed with Xiwangmu,giving rise to a new era of myths guiding the souls of the Han people to ascend to immortality.The Han people also created a brand-new mythological figure,Dongwanggong(King Father of the East),as her counterpart.This is doubly confirmed by the inscriptions and images on the Confucius Clothing Mirror unearthed from the tomb of Liu He,Marquis of Haihun,in 2015,indicating that the paired image pattern of Xiwangmu and Dongwanggong had taken shape by the early 1st century BCE(during the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty).This represents a significant innovation of the Xiwangmu myth in the Han Dynasty.The evolution of the Xiwangmu myth reveals that documentary records served as the basis and script for visual representations,while the recombination and transformation of documentary content in visual media such as Han stone reliefs were remarkable features of Han mythology.This fully demonstrates the continuity,uniqueness,and originality of Chinese civilization around the turn of the era,unaffected by direct influences from foreign religioussystems.
出处
《中国民族美术》
2025年第2期71-80,共10页
CHINESE MINZU ART
基金
北京社会科学基金一般项目“北京道教仙话的文献资料整理与数据库建设研究”(24WXB003)阶段性研究成果。
关键词
汉代神话
汉画像
白发西王母
西汉东王公
海昏侯孔子衣镜
Han Dynasty mythology
Han Dynasty stone reliefs
Xiwangmu with white hair
Dongwanggong of the Western Han Dynasty
Confucius Clothing Mirror of Marquis Haihun
