摘要
在能源需求持续增长与环境污染加剧的背景下,清洁可再生能源及其储能技术的开发变得日益重要。锂离子电池凭借着高能量密度和长循环寿命等优势在储能领域内占据重要地位。石墨是目前锂离子电池领域中使用最为广泛的负极材料,具备成本低廉和资源丰富优势,但其倍率性能不足且理论容量受限使得其应用受到限制。文章详细阐述了石墨负极的储锂机制及其性能特点,针对石墨负极现有的缺点,重点综述了四类改性策略:材料掺杂、表面包覆、结构设计和电解液改性。其中材料掺杂通过引入其他元素或材料改变石墨的微观结构和电子状态,提高储锂容量和循环稳定性;表面包覆在石墨表面形成保护层,减少与电解液的直接接触,降低不可逆容量;结构设计通过改变石墨的物理结构,如蚀刻、膨胀等,增加锂离子的扩散通道和插层位点,从而促进电池反应动力学;电解液改性则是通过优化电解液成分或添加特定添加剂,形成稳定的固体电解质(Solid Electrolyte Interphase,SEI)膜,提高电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能。这些改性方法为开发高性能石墨负极材料提供了理论支持和实践指导,有助于推动锂离子电池技术的进一步发展,以满足现代社会对高效储能技术的需求。
Amidst the backdrop of continuously increasing energy demands and intensifying environmental pollution,the development of clean renewable energy and its associated energy storage technologies has become increasingly significant.Lithium-ion batteries,with their high energy density and long cycle life,hold a pivotal position in the field of energy storage.Graphite,as the most widely used anode material in lithium-ion batteries,boasts the advantages of low cost and abundant resources;however,its limited rate performance and theoretical capacity constraints restrict its application.This paper elaborates on the lithium storage mechanism and performance characteristics of graphite anodes,and in response to the existing shortcomings of graphite anodes,it reviews four types of modification strategies:material doping,surface coating,structural design,and electrolyte modification.Material doping enhances the lithium storage capacity and cycle stability by introducing other elements or materials to alter the microstructure and electronic state of graphite;surface coating forms a protective layer on the graphite surface,reducing direct contact with the electrolyte and decreasing irreversible capacity;structural design modifies the physical structure of graphite,such as through etching or expansion,to increase lithium ion diffusion pathways and intercalation sites,thereby promoting battery reaction kinetics;electrolyte modification improves cycle stability and rate performance by optimizing electrolyte composition or adding specific additives to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)membrane.These modification methods provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of high-performance graphite anode materials,contributing to the advancement of lithium-ion battery technology to meet the demand for efficient energy storage solutions of modern society.
作者
贾奥
高万秸
潘广宇
汪洁
刘洋
张兴昊
吴宇平
贺加瑞
JIA Ao;GAO Wanjie;PAN Guangyu;WANG Jie;LIU Yang;ZHANG Xinghao;WU Yuping;HE Jiarui(School of Energy and Environment,Southeast University,Nanjing 211189,China)
出处
《新能源科技》
2025年第3期16-32,56,共18页
New Energy Science and Technology
基金
江苏省重点研发计划项目(7703008091A)。
关键词
石墨负极
锂离子电池
储锂机制
改性方法
graphite anode
lithium-ion battery
lithium storage mechanism
modification method
