摘要
唐宋之际,铜钱经历了从举振乏力到供应恢宏的完整变化过程。这一过程遵循了铸钱需盈利、币由国定的两大基本原则,但钱法成效取决于铜钱供需关系、矿冶发展、私钱市场等具体因素。官府铸钱收益随着增铸而递减,铸钱成本随着增铸而递增,当铸钱收益等于铸钱成本时,形成“铸钱临界点”,即官府铸钱规模限度。中晚唐时期,由于矿业能力低效带来的铸钱成本高昂造成铸钱临界点早早到来,致使官铸铜钱供给持续乏力,政府陷入增铸亏本、减铸丧权的困境,私钱不断排挤官铸铜钱。及至五代,北方政权试图通过取缔私钱、承认短陌,有限提升官铸铜钱实际购买力;南方政权则采取铸行铅铁钱,强制规定铅铁钱与铜钱等值流通,试图降低铸钱成本,但都未能扭转官铸铜钱的颓势。北宋建立后,规模日增的财政和市场货币化刺激了铜钱的需求,推高了铜钱的购买力。宋廷又通过搭建一系列富有成效的矿政体制,稳定矿料供应,以财政枢纽强力整顿私钱,实现铜钱体系与信用制度的结合,不仅奠定了北宋前中期铜钱大规模鼓铸的基础,且大大推延了官铸铜钱临界点的到来。
During the Tang and Song Dynasties,copper coins underwent a complete transformation from weak supply to abundant supply.This process follows the two basic principles of making profits when casting coins and being determined by the state,but its effectiveness is constrained by factors such as the supply and demand relationship of copper coins,the development of mining and metallargy,and the private money market.The revenue of official coinage decreases with the increase of coinage,and the cost of coinage decreases with the increase of coinage.When the revenue of coinage equals the cost of coinage,a“critical point of coinage”is formed,which is the limit of the scale of official coinage.During the mid to late Tang Dynasty,the high cost of minting coins due to inefficient mining capabilities led to the early arrival of the critical point for minting coins,resulting in a sustained lack of supply of official copper coins.The government was trapped in the dilemma of increasing minting losses and reducing minting power,and private money continuously squeezed out official copper coins.During the Five Dynasties period,the northern regime attempted to increase the actual purchasing power of official copper coins by banning private money and admitting a customary rule among the people.The southern regime adopted the practice of casting lead iron coins and enforced the equal circulation of lead iron coins and copper coins in an attempt to reduce the cost of casting coins,but none of them were able to reverse the decline of official copper coins.After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty,the increasing scale of fiscal and market monetization stimulated the demand for copper coins and boosted their purchasing power.The Song court also established a series of effective mining governance systems,stabilized the supply of mineral materials,and vigorously rectified private money through financial hubs,achieving the combination of copper coin system and credit system.This not only laid the foundation for large-scale copper coin minting in the early and middle stages,but also greatly delayed the arrival of the critical point for official copper coin minting.
作者
张锦鹏
段杰
ZHANG Jinpeng;DUAN Jie(Center for Studies of Chinese Southwest’s Borderland Ethnic Minorities,Yunnan University,Kunming,Yunnan 650091;School of History and Archives,Yunnan University,Kunming,Yunnan 650091,China)
出处
《河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》
2025年第4期23-37,共15页
Journal of Hebei University(Philosophy and Social Science)
基金
国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项重大招标项目“古代边疆市场发展与中华民族交往交流交融研究”(23VLS018)。
关键词
铜钱
盈利原则
币由国定
铸钱临界点
矿政能力
copper coins
profitability principle
state monopoly over currency
coinage threshold
mining policy capacity
