摘要
【目的】针对现有生成式人工智能技术在使用过程中可能引发的侵权问题,尤其是对民事权利的潜在威胁,构建一个合理的侵权责任认定框架,探索适用于生成式人工智能系统的侵权责任机制,重点分析因果关系判断和过错归责标准,以期为相关立法实践提供科学依据,确保技术发展与权益保护的平衡。【方法】结合现有案例,分析生成式人工智能侵权的典型结构,并根据产品责任和一般过错责任探讨生成式人工智能侵权归责原则,通过法教义学分析后得出人工智能侵权更符合过错责任的内涵的结论。【结果】①生成式人工智能的技术内核体现为动态交互服务,依赖持续数据更新与算法迭代,缺乏传统产品的同质化与风险分散特征。②人工智能生成内容属虚拟风险,与《产品质量法》中“物理缺陷”要件不兼容。③立法实践明确将生成式人工智能界定为“服务”,否定产品责任路径。【结论】应以过错责任为核心构建归责机制:用户无过错时,适用过错推定原则,由提供者承担技术合规性举证责任;用户有过错时,提供者需履行严格风险防控义务,并与用户承担连带责任。针对“算法黑箱”难题,采用“高度盖然性”因果关系标准降低原告证明负担,同时允许提供者通过技术反证免责。
[Purposes]Aiming at the infringement problems that may be caused by the use of existing gen⁃erative artificial intelligence technology,especially the potential threat to civil rights,this study aims to build a reasonable framework for the determination of tort liability,explore the tort liability mechanism applicable to generative artificial intelligence system,and focus on analyzing the causation analysis and fault liability standards,so as to provide scientific basis for relevant legislative practice and ensure a bal⁃ance between technological development and rights protection.[Methods]Based on the existing cases,this paper analyzes the typical structure of generative artificial intelligence infringement,and examines the imputation principle of generative artificial intelligence infringement according to product liability and general fault liability.Through the analysis of legal dogmatics,it is concluded that artificial intelli⁃gence infringement is more in line with the connotation of fault liability.[Findings]①The technical core of generative artificial intelligence is embodied in dynamic interactive services,relying on continuous data updates and algorithm iteration,and lacks the homogenization and risk dispersion characteristics of traditional products.②The content generated by artificial intelligence is a virtual risk,which is incompatible with the"physical defect"element in the"Product Quality Law".③The legislative practice clearly defines generative artificial intelligence as"service"and denies the path of product liability.[Conclusions]The liability attribution mechanism should be constructed with fault liability as the core:When the user is not at fault,the principle of presumption of liability should be applied,and the provider should bear the burden of proof for technical compliance;When the user is at fault,the provider shall ful⁃fill strict risk prevention and control obligations and be held jointly and severally liable with the user.To address the"algorithmic black box"problem,the"high probability"causation standard is adopted to re⁃duce the burden of proof for the plaintiff,while allowing the provider to be exempted from liability through technical counter-evidence.
作者
杨蒙
YANG Meng(Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210018,China)
出处
《河南科技》
2025年第12期119-125,共7页
Henan Science and Technology
关键词
侵权责任
生成式人工智能
产品责任
过错责任
tort liability
generative artificial intelligence
product liability
fault liability
