摘要
为给河南省高产优质绿色小麦新品种的选育及其育种目标的制定提供理论参考,以该省2017—2022年审定的431个小麦品种为材料,对其产量性状和抗病性等重要性状变异进行分析。结果显示,2017—2022年河南省431个审定小麦品种中,84%为半冬性类型,株高年均下降0.03~78.27 cm,平均产量7 702.68 kg·hm^(-2),年均增长6.45 kg·hm^(-2),穗数(578.06万穗·hm^(-2))、穗粒数(35.16粒·穗^(-1))和千粒质量(45.11 g)三大要素中,穗粒数波动上升,穗数与千粒质量小幅下降。通径分析结果显示,穗数对产量贡献最大(1.829),其次是穗粒数(0.641)和千粒质量(0.525)。尽管穗粒数与产量呈负相关(R=-0.721),但其直接正向效应占主导,表明增产仍依赖穗数提升,三要素协同增效不足。抗病性方面:条锈病高抗、中抗及以上品种分别占2.78%和33.87%,92.6%高抗材料源自周麦系列,高感率逐年降低;赤霉病高感品种占比高达92.57%,中抗以上仅3个(0.69%);白粉病和叶锈病中抗率分别为15.3%和7.4%。多抗性育种进展滞后,仅11个品种(2.55%)兼抗3种病害。研究表明,河南省需在维持条锈病抗性优势的基础上,重点突破赤霉病抗源限制,强化多抗性与产量协同优化,推动抗性育种策略升级。综上,本研究结果明晰了河南省审定品种的产量与抗性等特点,为后续优良品种的推广提供了参考,对河南省小麦品种种质筛选与育种目标制定等方面具有重要意义。
To provide theoretical references for the breeding of high-yield,high-quality,and environmentally sustainable wheat varieties in Henan province and the formulation of breeding objectives,this study analyzed the variation in yield traits and disease resistance of 431 wheat varieties approved in the province from 2017 to 2022.The results showed that 84%of the varieties were semi-winter types,with an average plant height of 78.27 cm,decreasing annually by 0.03 cm.The average yield reached 7702.68 kg·hm^(-2),increasing by 6.45 kg·hm^(-2) per year.Among the three yield components,spike number(578.06×10^(4) spikes·hm^(-2)),grains per spike(35.16 grains.spike^(-1)),and 1000-grain weight(45.11 g),grains per spike exhibited fluctuating increased,while spike number and 1000-grain weight showed slight declined.Path analysis revealed that spike number contributed most significantly to yield(direct contribution value:1.829),followed by grains per spike(0.641)and 1000-grain weight(0.525).Despite the negative correlation between grains per spike and yield(R=-0.721),its direct positive effect dominated,indicating that yield improvement still relies on spike number enhancement,with insufficient synergistic optimization among the three components.Regarding disease resistance:for stripe rust,2.78%of varieties were highly resistant and 33.87%were moderately resistant or above,with 92.6%of highly resistant materials derived from the Zhoumai series,and the proportion of highly susceptible varieties gradually decreased.For Fusarium head blight,92.57%were highly susceptible,with only three varieties(0.69%)showing moderate resistance or above.The moderate resistance rates for powdery mildew and leaf rust were 15.3%and 7.4%,respectively.Multi-disease resistance breeding lagged,with only 11 varieties(2.55%)exhibiting resistance to three diseases.The study highlights the need for Henan province to maintain its stripe rust resistance advantages while prioritizing breakthroughs in Fusarium head blight resistance,strengthening the synergistic optimization of multi-disease resistance and yield traits,and upgrading resistance breeding strategies.In conclusion,this research clarifies the yield and resistance characteristics of approved wheat varieties in Henan province,providing critical insights for promoting superior cultivars and guiding germplasm screening and breeding target formulation.
作者
张程昱
吴漫
吕良松
王玉龙
王黎明
ZHANG Chengyu;WU Man;LYU Liangsong;WANG Yulong;WANG Liming(College of Agriculture,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,Henan 471000,China)
出处
《天津农业科学》
2025年第5期16-21,共6页
Tianjin Agricultural Sciences
基金
河南省科技攻关项目(202102110022)
国家自然科学基金(U1904108)。
关键词
河南省
小麦品种
产量性状
抗病性
Henan province
wheat varieties
yield traits
disease resistance
