摘要
本文在韵律句法学的理论框架下讨论上古汉语给予类双及物结构。通过分析三种双及物句式的句法和语义特点,本文提出“V+IO+DO”与“V+DO+于+IO”是两类基础生成的结构,而“V+DO+IO”是“V+DO+于+IO”通过音韵删略介词“于”生成的派生结构。“于”字删略是“管辖式核心重音规则”激活的韵律运作:介词“于”阻碍动词为间接宾语指派核心重音,因而被音韵删略。
As shown in(1-3),there were three kinds of GIVE-type ditransitive constructions in Archaic Chinese:(1)V+IO+DO:齐人馈之饩。(Zuo Zhuan,Huan 6)Qi ren kui zhi xi Qi person give them food‘The people of Qi gave them food.’(2)V+DO+IO:窃马而献之子常。(Zuo Zhuan,Ding 3)Qie ma er xian zhi Zichang.steal horse CONJ give them Zichang‘(They)stole the horses and gave them to Zichang.’(3)V+DO+yu于+IO:尝献马于季孙。(Zuo Zhuan,Ai 6)Chang xian ma yu Jisun.once give horse to Jisun‘(I)once gave horses to Jisun.’The relationship between the three kinds of constructions is a controversial topic.Based on the theoretical framework of Prosodic Syntax,this paper discusses the GIVE-type ditransitive constructions in Archaic Chinese.By comparing the distribution of different verbs,the theta-roles of indirect objects,and the distributive quantifier“ge各”in these ditransitive constructions,this paper proposes that[V+IO+DO]and[V+DO+yu于+IO]are base-generated structures.And[V+DO+IO]is a derived structure generated by[V+DO+yu于+IO].On this basis,this paper further proposes that the generative mechanism of[V+DO+IO]is the phonological deletion of prepositions.Only the phonetic form of the preposition“yu于”is deleted.In essence,there is still a null preposition in[V+DO+IO].The existence of the null preposition can be proved by the distribution restriction of the pronoun“zhi之”,because the preposition“yu于”cannot select the pronoun“zhi之”as its object in Archaic Chinese.“zhi之”can not appear in the position of the indirect object in[V+DO+IO],but other pronouns such as“wo我”can,shown in(4-5).This shows that there is a null preposition“yu于”between the direct object and the indirect object.It cannot select“zhi之”to be its object directly,so“zhi之”cannot appear in this position.(4)a.*V+DO+yu于+ZHI b.*V+DO+ZHI(5)酒酣而送我以璧,寄之我也。(Lüshi Chunqiu,Guanbiao)Jiu han er song wo yi bi,ji zhi wo ye.drink merrily CONJ give me with jade,entrust it me SFP‘(He)gave me the jade when he drank alcohol merrily.(Because he wanted to)entrusted it to me.’The deletion of the preposition“yu于”is the prosodic operation activated by the Government-based Nuclear Stress Rule.The preposition“yu于”hinders the verb from assigning the nuclear stress to the indirect object,so it is deleted by the prosody.In pre-Qin Chinese,the last phrase of the sentence was the nuclear stress domain,so the preposition“yu于”in(6)need not be deleted.At the beginning of the Western Han period,the nuclear stress domain of Chinese shifted to the last verb phrase of the sentence,and the preposition“yu于”prevented the indirect object from obtaining the nuclear stress,so it was deleted by prosody.This analysis is illustrated in(7).This can also explain why the number of[V+DO+IO]such as(8)increased greatly in the Western Han literature.(6)子之传政于子玉。(Zuo Zhuan,Xi 27)Zizhi chuan zheng yu Ziyu.Zizhi give regime to Ziyu‘Zizhi gave the regime to Ziyu’■(8)还政成王。(Shiji,Luzhougong shijia)Huan zheng Cheng Wang.return regime to Cheng king‘(He)returned the regime to King Cheng’.
作者
张理想
Zhang Lixiang(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Fudan University)
出处
《韵律语法研究》
2024年第1期84-103,共20页
Studies in Prosodic Grammar
基金
国家社科基金青年项目“核心重音视角下上古汉语句法研究”(编号:20CYY026)的资助
关键词
上古汉语
双及物结构
核心重音
音韵删略
Archaic Chinese
ditransitive construction
nuclear stress
phonetic deletion
