摘要
明初,南京城外西北设立龙江造船厂,四百余外地匠户被起派入京造船,隶籍提举司,按照工种编为厢甲,定户当差。明中叶,随着造船任务减少、堆积木料被变卖,船厂土地出现闲置而引发争夺,南京工部通过召佃开垦、征收油麻的方式,维护其工部官地的属性,形成了“油麻官地”的特有土地名目。由于船厂匠户逐渐与造船职业分离,雇募他人在厂代役,徭役负担能力分化明显,部分匠户依赖承佃官地为生。嘉靖时期,南京工部屡次踏勘官地,扩大地亩面积,既清查豪家霸佃,保障匠户的耕作权,也增加地课收入,以节省公费开支。南京城的匠户、军户、士绅、富户等各类人群大多具有移民背景,共同参与了油麻官地的开垦,利用其户籍身份或政治特权谋取利益,深刻体现了明代南京从国都到留都所延续的城市社会特性。
In the early Ming Dynasty,the Longjiang Shipyard was established in the northwest outside Nanjing city.More than 400 artisan households from other places were summoned to build ships,under the jurisdiction of the Tijusi(提举司).They were assign to the rank of‘xiang-jia’(厢甲)according to their job types.In the mid Ming Dynasty,with the reduction of shipbuilding tasks and the sale of accumulated timber,the land of the Longjiang Shipyard became idle and sparked competition.The Nanjing Ministry of Works maintained its official land nature by calling for tenants to cultivate and levying tung oil and jute,forming a unique land name of‘the official land for levying of tung oil and jute’.Due to the gradual separation of the artisan households in the shipyard from the shipbuilding profession,and the hire of others to perform corvee labor,some artisan households made their living by renting the official land.During the Jiajing period,the Nanjing Ministry of Works repeatedly explored the official land and expanded the land area.This not only checked the rich and powerful that illegally occupied the official land and ensured the rights of artisan households to cultivate,but also increased land tax revenue and reduced government expenses on shipbuilding.Most of the artisan households,military households,gentries and wealthy households and other groups in Nanjing City had immigrant backgrounds.They jointly participated in the reclamation of the official land in the western part of the city and used their identities or political privileges to seek benefits,which deeply reflected the social characteristics of Nanjing City,whether it was the national capital nor the old capital during the Ming Dynasty.
出处
《经济社会史评论》
2025年第2期110-125,128,共17页
Economic and Social History Review
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“明代价格研究与数据库建设”(17ZDA192)
国家社科基金青年项目“明清时期国家漕粮调运的财政体制研究”(23CZS032)的阶段性成果。
