摘要
本文在民族学的多元传统中进一步挖掘德国民族学的历史,回到学科滥觞之际的时代情境和思想史脉络,探寻民族学最初的面貌和问题意识的生成。有别于英、法两国的德国启蒙运动为其民族学的兴起进行了思想上的准备,对历史、语言、文化的格外关注孕育着德国民族学的独特基因。当民族学(Volkerkunde)于18世纪中后期在德语学术圈最早出现并命名时,其研究对象是由共同的历史、共同的领土并主要是由其语言来界定的民族(Volker)。伴随着德国启蒙思想中的“民族精神”(Volksgeist)概念在比较语言学、民族心理学、人类地理学和民族学等领域得到充分的发展,以及德国民族学的学科建制化,尤其是德奥传播论学派“文化圈”理论和文化形态学的形成,“文化”才成为德国民族学的研究对象。20世纪上半叶德国民族学通过博厄斯学派对美国人类学产生重要影响,特别是使“文化”成为民族学、人类学的核心概念。“文化”概念在德-美民族学传统中经历了独特的思想史历程,折射出时代的思想烙印和强烈的国别色彩。
This article further explores the history of German ethnology within the diverse global ethnological traditions.By revisiting the historical context and the intellectual history context at the origin of the discipline,it endeavors to explore the initial appearance of ethnology and the generation of its problem consciousness.Distinct from the Enlightenment movements in Britain and France,the German Enlightenment movement prepared the ground intellectually for the rise of German ethnology.The particular emphasis on history,language,and culture nurtured the unique genes of German ethnology.When ethnology(Volkerkunde)first emerged and was named in the German-speaking academic circle in the middle and late 18th century,its research objects were peoples(Volker)defined by a shared history,a common territory,and,most prominently,by their language.As the concept of“Volksgeist”within German Enlightenment thought became fully developed across various fields such as comparative linguistics,ethnopsychology,human geography,and ethnology,and with the institutionalization of German ethnology,especially the formation of the“cultural circle”theory and cultural morphology of the German-Austrian diffusionist School,“culture”gradually became the focal research object of German ethnology.In the first half of the 20th century,German ethnology had a significant impact on American anthropology through the Boasian School,especially establishing“culture”a core concept in ethnology and anthropology.However,following the Second World War,the decline of German ethnology led to the“essentialist”definition of the peoples(Volker)being questioned and criticized.In Europe,since the 1960s,the two concepts of“ethnicity”and“identity”have successively redefined the research objects of ethnology.Since the 1980s,American anthropology has entered a stage of reflection,with cultural concepts of“pluralization”,“essentialism”,and“desociologization”being increasingly examined from within the discipline.The research objects of ethnology are in a constant state of flux,adapting to changes in the discipline's problem consciousness and the development of the times.Each country's ethnology is inevitably shaped by this timeliness.At the same time,the research focuses of a country's ethnology are always gradually taking shape based on the country's social history and intellectual heritage,and are further shaped and adjusted according to its position in the global landscape.Therefore,the national characteristics of ethnology are not likely to fade with time.Ethnology has traversed a development process of more than a hundred years in China and has formed an ethnology with Chinese characteristics.Only through full dialogue with other ethnology traditions in the world can Chinese ethnology clearly define its own position,chart its unique course,and develop its own style.This paper,starting from the context of the intellectual history of the discipline,focuses on the historical development and national characteristics of the research objects of ethnology,providing references for thought for the construction of the“Three Major Systems”of Chinese ethnology in the new era of China.Chinese ethnology must keep pace with the times,bravely confront the issues and demands of the era,and conduct research on issues such as the historical formation process of the Chinese nation,the construction practice of the Chinese national community,and the role and contributions of the Chinese nation regarding the community with a shared future for humankind.This should be achieved by basing on the domestic situation while maintaining a global vision.In this sense,the German-American ethnology tradition serves as a“stone from another mountain”that gives us references and inspiration for reflection.
作者
舒瑜
Shu Yu(Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100081,China)
出处
《民族学刊》
北大核心
2025年第1期130-139,163,共11页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
中国社会科学院重大创新项目“推进民族地区现代化与建设中华民族现代文明的关系研究”(2023YZD047)阶段性成果。
关键词
民族学
德国民族学
文化
时代性
国别性
ethnology
German ethnology
culture
timeliness
national characteristics
