摘要
中法战争期间,在慈禧太后的运作下,醇亲王奕譞以商办为名取代其兄恭亲王奕?成为主政者,史称甲申易枢。战后,原于德国购置的铁甲舰陆续归国,朝廷筹议海防,决议统筹海防经费与事务,成立海军衙门,亦由醇亲王总理。光绪十二年(1886)四月,醇亲王奉慈禧太后懿旨巡阅北洋水陆各军,从天津出海,前往旅顺、威海、烟台等地视察海防设施与海军舰队。竣事后,醇亲王辑成《航海吟草》,随行官员周馥编成《醇亲王巡阅北洋海防日记》,还有广东摄影师梁时泰和德籍摄影师来歆克两位参与。醇亲王曾在宫廷中接触众多帝王画作,亦曾总监平定叛乱等战役的战图。海军校阅之后,其麾下画师庆宽也受命绘制校阅图。这些丰富的图文史料,使人得以窥见北洋海军正式成军前的面貌。本文首以校阅前政治背景和醇亲王的个人生涯切入探悉,其次结合照片史料,对奉旨巡阅的历程进行考究。其三,庆宽绘制的《巡阅北洋海防图》和《渤海阅师图册》,是记录这次校阅最重要的官方绘画,在技法和呈现上与先前的宫廷画校阅图迥异,创新地融合了西方传入的照相术、工程制图和舆图绘制技术。本文将对两者构成进行解析,期能探索此一清季最大的海上校阅活动及其在海防史与军事艺术创作中的意义。
During the Sino-French War,under the operation of Empress Dowager Cixi,Prince Chun replaced his brother Prince Gong as the ruler in an event known as the Jia Shen Power Shift.After the war,ironclad warships originally purchased from Germany gradually returned to China.The court discussed naval defense strategies and decided to centralize the budget and affairs of naval defense,establishing a naval yamen under the supervision of Prince Chun.In April of the twelfth year of Emperor Guangxu’s reign(1886),Prince Chun,following Empress Dowager Cixi’s imperial order,inspected the naval and land forces of the Beiyang Fleet,traveling from Tianjin to ports like Lüshun,Weihai,and Yantai to review the naval defense facilities and fleet.After the inspection,Prince Chun compiled Nautical Verses(Háng Hăi Yín Căo in Chinese pinyin),and the accompanying official Zhou Fu compiled Prince Chun’s Diary of Inspecting the Beiyang Naval Defense(Chún Qīn Wáng Xún YuèBěi Yáng Hăi Fáng RìJìin Chinese pinyin).Photographers Liang Shitai from Guangdong and the German photographer Reisinger also participated.Prince Chun,who had been exposed to numerous imperial paintings in the palace and oversaw the military campaigns against the rebellion and other uprisings,commissioned the painter Qing Kuan to create inspection illustrations after reviewing the navy.These rich textual and visual historical materials allow us to glimpse the appearance of the Beiyang Navy before it was formally established.This paper begins by exploring the political background prior to the inspection and Prince Chun’s personal career.Next,it examines the process of the imperial inspection with photographic materials.Lastly,the official paintings‘Inspection of the Beiyang Naval Defense’(Xún Yuè Běi Yáng Hăi Fáng Túin Chinese pinyin)and‘Review of Troops in the Bohai Sea’(Bó Hăi Yuè Shī Tú in Chinese pinyin)by Qing Kuan,which significantly differ in technique and presentation from previous court paintings of military reviews,innovatively integrate Western photography,engineering drawing,and cartography.This paper analyzes the composition of these works to explore the significance of this grand naval review of the Qing dynasty in the history of naval defense and military art.
出处
《故宫学刊》
2024年第1期109-147,共39页
Journal of Gugong Studies
关键词
奕譞
海军衙门
庆宽
《巡阅北洋海防图》
《渤海阅师图册》
Yixuan
naval yamen
Qing Kuan
‘Inspection of the Beiyang Naval Defense’
‘Review of Troops in the Bohai Sea’
