摘要
学界对“鬵”名实关系的认识历来存在歧异,有炊煮器(鼎、釜)说和蒸器(甑)说等不同观点,尤以蒸器(甑)说盛行。文章从事理、字形、出土文献辞例、考古实物等多方面证据出发指出鬵与甑是两类不同的器物。甑是类似笼屉的蒸器,鬵则是炊食器。鬵的名实关系前后有所变化,春秋战国时期鬵单独用作煮食器,指的是自名为“■■”的深腹鼎,西汉以后与甑组合使用,从实物上看与小口釜无异。“鬵”与“甑”原是两个不同的器名,二者相混的主要原因:一是由于古音相近,二者的记录字形在两汉之际产生了混淆;二是语境中“鬵”和“甑”都可与“釜”组合,只不过釜和甑是相关关系,釜和鬵是同义连用关系;三是炊器名“鬵”指称实物的变化以及使用频率的下降导致其词义逐步陌生化。对“鬵”名实对应关系的澄清,可以纠正相关辞书的词条释义。
There are multiple explanations for“qin”(鬵)'s name-entity relation:some scholars regard“qin”(鬵)as a kind of cooking boiler,while others considered it as a kind of steamer.The latter is more popular in the scholarly community.Based on the evidence of logic,character forms,contexts of unearthed literatures and archaeological objects,we advocate that“qin”(鬵)and“zeng”(甑)are different kinds of utensils.“zeng”(甑)is a kind of steamer,while“qin”(鬵)is a kind of cooker.During the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period of Pre-Qin Dynasty,“qin”(鬵)was used as independent cooker,which is corresponding to a kind of bronze tripods named“zhuyi”(■■).During the Qin and Han dynasty,“qin”(鬵)was similar to kettle and usually matched with“zeng”(甑).“qin”(鬵)and“zeng”(甑)are different kinds of utensils,there are several causes for the confusion.First,the similarity of ancient sound caused confusion in character forms,resulting in the confusion of the two names.Second,“qin”(鬵)and“zeng”(甑)can both combine with“fu”(釜)in contexts,but“qin”(鬵)and“fu”(釜)are synonyms while“zeng”(甑)and“fu”(釜)are correlational.Third,the reference of“qin”(鬵)changed from tripod to kettle before Western Han Dynasty and the usage frequency decreased between the Two Han Dynasties,resulting in the defamiliarization of word meaning.The clarification of“qin”(鬵)'s name-entity relation can correct some mistakes in the definitions of lexical entries.
基金
天津市哲学社会科学规划青年项目“出土先秦两汉器物名称及其用字演变研究”(批准号:TJYYQN22-003)
南开大学文科发展基金项目“基于出土《诗经》异文的文本流传与诗旨变迁研究”(批准号:ZB22BZ0304)的阶段性成果
关键词
鬵
甑
名实关系
“qin”(鬵)
“zeng”(甑)
name-entity relation
“zhuyi”(■■)
