摘要
随着人工智能技术在生产生活中的广泛应用,新的职业场景不断涌现,新旧职业更替也日趋频繁。但现有文献并未关注人工智能引致的职业变迁方向,以及技术冲击下的职业平等性问题。基于此,本文在分析中国职业变迁典型化事实的基础上,采用微观调查数据检验人工智能技术在职业变迁过程中的作用,从职业类型、任务属性和职业技能等方面,识别人工智能引发的职业变迁方向;从职业收入、就业稳定性、工作满意度以及职业地位等维度,探究人工智能对不同技术复杂度职业的影响差异。研究发现,人工智能技术能够诱发职业变迁,引致劳动者从传统职业转向新职业和数字职业,也会重塑职业任务属性,促使任务向非繁重、精简化和自由化方向发展;人工智能技术的“再技能化”效应会拓展职业技能宽度,而其“去技能化”效应则会降低技能深度;人工智能技术也会推动职业地位向上流动,但对不同技术复杂度职业的工资收入、工作稳定性与满意度会产生差异化影响,进而对职业平等性形成冲击。
With the extensive adoption of Artificial Intelligence(AI)in production and daily life,new occupational scenarios continue to emerge,and the transition between established and new occupations is increasingly frequent.However,the literature pays little attention to the direction of occupational change induced by AI,and the issue of occupational equality under the technological shocks.Based on documenting the typical facts of occupational transitions in China,this paper investigates the effects of AI on occupational transitions with micro-survey data and identifies the direction of AI-induced occupational transitions in terms of occupational types,task attributes,and occupational skills.Furthermore,this paper explores the differential impact of AI on occupations with varying technological complexities from the dimensions of income,employment stability,job satisfaction,and occupational status.The results indicate that AI can induce occupational transitions,driving workers from established occupations to new and digital occupations.AI can reshape attributes of occupational tasks,making occupational task contents less strenuous,more streamlined,and more autonomous.The"de-skilling"effect of AI reduces the depth of skills,while the"re-skilling"effect of AI expands the breadth of skills.Moreover,AI promotes upward mobility in occupational status,but it has differential effects on income,job stability,and job satisfaction across occupations with varying technological complexities,consequently posing challenges to occupational equality.
作者
王林辉
钱圆圆
周慧琳
董直庆
Wang Linhui;Qian Yuanyuan;Zhou Huilin;Dong Zhiqing(School of Economics and Management,East China Normal University)
出处
《管理世界》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第11期74-93,共20页
Journal of Management World
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“人工智能技术与更充分更高质量就业问题研究”(基金号:20ZDA069)
教育部哲学社会科学研究后期资助重大项目“工业智能化的经济地理格局重塑效应研究:技术偏向与微观机制”(项目号:22JHQ011)的资助。
关键词
人工智能
职业变迁方向
职业平等性
artificial intelligence
the direction of occupational change
employment equality
