摘要
为加强对水下爆破对水生物损伤的相关认识,指导水下爆破施工,查阅了大量文献,总结了前人对水下爆破对生物的损伤机理相关研究,从水下爆炸能量释放及传播规律、水下爆炸损伤机理与效应评估、水下爆炸防护措施等方面详细介绍了相关技术研究进展。结果表明:水下爆炸产生的能量主要以冲击波能和气泡能的形式释放,最后衰减为声波能,但各能量的产生、传递和转化机制尚不清晰。爆破产生的冲击波、声波冲均会对鱼类的肝、脾、肾等内部器官造成不同程度的伤害,甚至破坏鱼类的听力和神经系统,但爆破的水生物损伤模型主要以鱼鳔损伤为基础,作用于鱼体不同易损器官的损伤模型尚未建立,损伤模型对鱼群种类、体型大小的评价不足;水下爆破还会对水环境造成扰动,影响鱼的呼吸、摄食、孵化率和成活率,因此爆破引起的水环境的变化长期生物效应研究是一个重点方向,水下爆破对生物多样性的影响也颇具研究意义。目前水生物的主动防护措施主要集中在装药结构起爆方式的改进以及对水生物的驱赶,被动防护手段包括气泡和高分子帷幕、预裂缝和减振沟槽等。针对水生物的防护,可研发新型炸药或者非爆手段替代主动减小冲击波,而基于声学的驱鱼方式是一种重要手段,但结合水下视觉系统,实现可视化和可评价的“清场”。被动防护措施主要集中在气泡帷幕防护技术,其他手段缺乏相关的试验和理论研究。主被动联合防护可达到较好的防护效果,但两者的协同机制研究也是研究的重要方向。
In order to strengthen the relevant understanding of underwater blasting damage to aquatic organisms and guide underwater blasting construction,a large number of documents were consulted,and the previous research on the damage mechanism of underwater blasting to aquatic organisms was summarized.The related technical research progress was introduced in detail from the aspects of Underwater explosion energy release and propagation law,underwater explosion damage mechanism and effect evaluation,and underwater explosion protection measures.The results show that the energy generated by underwater explosion is mainly released in the form of shock wave energy and bubble energy,and finally attenuates into acoustic energy,but the generation,transmission and transformation mechanism of each energy is still unclear.The shock wave and sound wave generated by blasting can cause varying degrees of damage to internal organs such as the liver,spleen,and kidneys of fish,and even damage the hearing and nervous system of fish.However,the aquatic damage model of blasting is mainly based on the damage to the swim bladder,and the damage model affecting different vulnerable organs of the fish body has not been established yet.The evaluation of the damage model on the species and size of the fish population is insufficient.Underwater blasting can also cause disturbance to the water environment,affecting the respiration,feeding,hatching rate,and survival rate of fish.Therefore,the long-term biological effects of blasting induced changes in the water environment are a key research direction,and the impact of underwater blasting on biodiversity is also of great research significance.At present,the active protection measures for aquatic organisms mainly focus on improving the detonation method of the charging structure and driving away aquatic organisms.Passive protection methods include bubbles and polymer curtains,pre cracks,and vibration reduction grooves.For the protection of aquatic organisms,new types of explosives or non explosive means can be developed to replace active reduction of shock waves.Acoustic based fish repellent methods are an important means,but combined with underwater visual systems,visualization and evaluable“clearing”can be achieved.Passive protection measures mainly focus on bubble curtain protection technology,while other methods lack relevant experimental and theoretical research.The combination of active and passive protection can achieve good protective effects,but the research on the synergistic mechanism between the two is also an important direction of research.
作者
阿比尔的
蒲运杰
刘露
刘明维
傅林
李浩田
A BI Er-di;PU Yun-jie;LIU Lu;LIU Ming-wei;FU Lin;LI Hao-tian(National Technical Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China;Chongqing Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Geological Disaster Reduction for Mountain Highway and Water Transport,Chongqing Municipal Education Commission,Chongqing 400074,China)
出处
《科学技术与工程》
北大核心
2023年第26期11049-11060,共12页
Science Technology and Engineering
基金
国家自然科学基金(41907261,52179104)
重庆市自然科学基金院士专项(cstc2021yszx-jcyjX0002)。
关键词
水下爆破
能量释放
冲击波衰减
生物损伤模型
安全防护
underwater blasting
energy release
shock wave attenuation
biological damage model
safety protection
