摘要
道地药材是在特定生态环境地域内所产的药材,表现为药材具有“优形优质”特征,由于野山参具有公认的、独特的品相,被作为道地药材“优形”研究的范式材料。该文系统总结了人参“优形”特征及影响其形成的遗传因素、环境因素研究进展,以期为人参药材品质提升、中药道地性科学内涵等相关研究提供参考。野山参以“横灵体、腿八字分开、五形俱全者”为优,栽培人参与野生人参的根形明显不同,但二者群体遗传多样性无显著差异。根形变化与细胞壁修饰、植物激素转导相关基因转录调控、DNA甲基化调控、miRNA调控有关。人参根际土壤微生物镰刀菌属Fusarium、交链孢属Alternaria及人参内生菌钩状木霉Trichoderma hamatum、鞭毛藻丛赤壳菌Nectria haematococca等可能是影响人参生长发育的关键微生物。种植模式、品种、根系分泌物可能是维持人参根际微生物群落稳定的主要因素。人参皂苷也可能参与调控人参“优形”的形成。但目前已有研究多聚焦于局部或者单一的因素对道地药材形成的影响,忽略复杂的生态系统之间的关系,导致研究结果所揭示的中药道地性形成规律存在一定的局限性。建议未来通过建立遗传因素、环境因素研究的实验模型并构建突变体材料,研究各因素之间的内在联系,为揭示道地药材形成机制提供科学支撑。
Dao-di medicinal materials produced in a specific environment always present excellent appearance and high quality.Because of the unique appearance,Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is regarded as a paradigm in the research on excellent appearance.This paper systematically summarized the research progress in the genetic and environmental factors influencing the formation of the excellent appearance of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,aiming to provide reference for the quality improvement of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and the scientific connotation of Dao-di Chinese medicinal materials.The Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with high quality generally has a robust and long rhizome,a large angle between branch roots,and the simultaneous presence of a robust basal part of rhizome,adventitious roots,rhizome bark with circular wrinkles,and fibrous roots with pearl points.The cultivated and wild Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma have significant differences in the appearance and no significant difference in the population genetic diversity.The differences in the appearance are associated with cell wall modification,transcriptional regulation of genes involved in plant hormone transduction,DNA methylation,and miRNA regulation.The rhizosphere soil microorganisms including Fusarium and Alternaria,as well as the endophytes Trichoderma hamatum and Nectria haematococca,may be the key microorganisms affecting the growth and development of Panax ginseng.Cultivation mode,variety,and root exudates may be the main factors influencing the stability of rhizosphere microbial community.Ginsenosides may be involved in the formation of the excellent appearance.However,most of the available studies focus on the partial or single factors in the formation of Dao-di medicinal materials,ignoring the relationship within the complex ecosystems which limits the research on the formation mechanism of Dao-di medicinal materials.In the future,the experimental models for the research involving genetic and environmental factors should be established and mutant materials should be developed to clarify the internal relationship between factors and provide scientific support for the research on Dao-di medicinal materials.
作者
焦红红
黄璐琦
袁媛
JIAO Hong-hong;HUANG Lu-qi;YUAN Yuan(State Key Laboratry Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)
出处
《中国中药杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第12期3125-3131,共7页
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82173926,81891013)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程重大攻关项目(CI2021A041,CI2021B014)
中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302)
国家中医药管理局中医药创新团队及人才支持计划项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202005)
国家中医药管理局青年岐黄学者项目。
关键词
人参
优形
遗传多样性
表观遗传
根际
分泌物
人参皂苷
Cinseng Radix et Rhizoma
excellent appearance
genetic diversity
epigenetic inheritance
rhizosphere
exudates
ginsenosides
