摘要
太尉为秦汉时期的高级官员,属于三公之一。其职权范围虽然随时代的不同而有所差别,但掌兵统武、参与军国大事决策的权力却始终为律令所保障。在两汉的天人话语体系中,司马主天的共识使太尉与天道发生了联系而获得天公之名,三公分责又进一步成为太尉面对灾异承担责任乃至被策免的依据。在复杂的灾异政治中,司马主天、三公分责又成为皇帝转嫁道德责任、巩固自身统治以及外戚和宦官打击政敌、排斥异己的理论武器。因而,以太尉为代表的三公不得不成为两汉灾异政治的牺牲品。
It is a very important political and cultural phenomenon at that time that Sangong(a combined name of the three most respected officials in ancient China)bear responsibility for disasters and even get dismissed in the Han Dynasty.In the past,scholars usually tended to regard it as a means of mitigating disasters for the emperor,whose purpose is to pass on the responsibility to the lower officials.This summary highlighting the emperor’s political considerations does make some sense,but is somewhat simple and general.In fact,the emergence of this phenomenon has a profound theoretical basis and political motivation,and it is closely related to the prevailing discourse between heaven and man and political environment of Han Dynasty.This paper points out that among the three respected officials in the Han Dynasty,the post of Taiwei is a special one,which is the head of the military officials and has the right to unify the soldiers.It was originally established after the official of Qin Dynasty,and had a deep relationship with Sima,the great master of the Western Zhou Dynasty.Later,the post was promoted to the first of the three respected officials,and became the Lord of Heaven in the discourse between heaven and man.In the discourse between heaven and man in the Han Dynasty,the establishment of Sangong abides by the will of heaven and seeks harmony between yin and yang,dividing into three main ways of heaven,earth and man.The context of Sima’s dominating the heaven associates Taiwei with the changes of the heaven.In the face of disasters,Taiwei has to overcome them by witchcraft,and beg heaven to forgive with a speech of apology.Therefore,it is justifiable to hold Taiwei accountable and even get him dismissed when the disaster occurs.In term of political motivation,on that one hand,Sima dominating the heaven provided an excuse for the emperor,his relatives and the eunuch to shirk their responsibility,conceal their unmoral and immoral behavior,and thus weaken the relationship between themselves and disasters.On the other hand,it has become a theoretical tool for them to consolidate their power,exclude others and strengthen their rule.Compared with the previous studies,this paper has two aspects in depth:First,it combs the origin and evolution between Taiwei and Sima,and reveals the relationship between them in the minds of the people in the Han Dynasty;second,it puts Taiwei’s accountability and dismission into the discourse of heaven and man prevailing in the Han Dynasty,takes it as the theoretical basis and combines it with the political motivation,so as to enrich the research on the responsibility of Taiwei for disasters.As a whole,this paper provides a useful reference for the overall restoration and interpretation of the ideological and institutional history of the Han Dynasty.
作者
林丛
LIN Cong(School of Law,Shandong Normal University,Jinan 250358,China)
出处
《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期119-129,共11页
Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition
基金
司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级课题“汉代司法监察体制研究”(22SFB5011)。
关键词
太尉
司马
天道
灾异
Taiwei
Sima
Heavenly Way
disaster
