摘要
文人石上濡毫志岁月的传统发展至北宋初、中期,题刻方式由唐人“就旧碑之阴及两旁书之”转向了宋人“别求一石”的碑刻另题,且宋人还扩大了摩崖题名由北向南的延伸发展,以致摩崖题名主题发生了由公到私、由人文到自然的转向,逐渐导致题名数量激增,故可将此视为石刻题名的唐宋转型现象。一般而言,题名多由士大夫与僚友、子弟、僧道等人同游时生成,多是寻幽探奇、追慕前人、抒发政治期望等心态催生,其产生多具有计划性,多能及时刻石,且题名拓本常成为士大夫与好友传阅赏玩的对象。以北宋中晚期黄庭坚等人为例,可见题名多产生于士大夫的出外宦游生涯,且其生成颇受限于任职的地理环境,党争时期的谪宦频迁促进了士大夫的题刻频率。崇宁党禁时期,卷入党禁的士大夫普遍惧题,说明出游留题行为可能受到政争因素促进与制约的双重影响。
The marks carved on the stone by Chinese ancient people when they were travelling almost appear in the form of“someone came here on a certain day of a certain month of a certain year”,which can be generally regarded as“inscribing one s name”or simply“stone inscription”.Most of these inscriptions have been carved on the immovable cliffs,with only a few on stone tablets.Only a few words in most cases,these inscriptions have similar content and most of them,instead of being included in the collected literary works,scattered in various types of documents and seldom get any attention.These inscriptions tend to involve the information about when,where,who and what,etc.,that were related to them,details important for later generations to understand the ancients.After a review of the great changes in the development of stone inscriptions in the Northern Song Dynasty,this paper discusses the normal issues related to the inscriptions through individual cases,and goes on to observe and study the special features in the special historical context by placing the inscriptions under the background of cruel factionalism.Through the investigation we find that by the early and mid-Northern Song Dynasty,this tradition of scholar-officials inscribing names on the stone had changed a lot.In the Tang Dynasty,inscriptions were mostly carved on the back or sides of old steles,while the Song scholar-officials preferred to look for a new stone for such inscriptions.Besides,they spread the behavior of cliff inscriptions from north to south.The themes of the inscriptions also changed from public affairs to personal affairs,and from describing human affairs and political events to the descriptions of natural landscape,hence a dramatic increase of the number of stone inscriptions.These changes can be regarded as the Tang-Song transformation of stone inscriptions.Generally speaking,inscriptions were mostly created when scholar-officials went outing with their colleagues,relatives,or monks,etc.Most of the subjects are about finding secluded but beautiful places,reminiscing about the worthy ancients,and implicitly expressing their own political expectations.In most cases,the creations of these inscriptions happened as planned.Rubbings of such inscriptions often became artistic works themselves and gifts between scholar-officials and their friends.Taking the inscriptions of Huang Tingjian and some other scholars in middle-and-late Northern Song as an example,it is found that most of their inscriptions were produced while they served as officials in various local places.Whether or not to have inscribed their names was restricted by the geographical conditions of the territory.During the factionalism,the deposed scholar-officials were frequently transferred to different places,which increased the frequency of inscriptions.In the exclusion of Yuanyou partisans during Chongning years,most of the involved scholar-officials were afraid of producing such inscriptions,which also shows that the behavior of leaving inscriptions during travel may have been affected by both the promotion and restriction of factionalism.Essentially,stone inscriptions are a kind of leisure culture,which reflects a kind of spiritual freedom and relaxed experience by means of carving words on the stone.Furthermore,this study shows that stone inscriptions are the significant reflection of interpersonal relationships and they are often affected by the political atmosphere and official appointment system.As an important element of many of today s scenic spots,stone inscriptions cannot be separated from the hardwork of generations of ancients,especially the“posting”and“following”behavior of the Tang and Song people,which created many literary sites and calligraphy landscapes.It can be said that stone inscriptions are an important perspective to investigate the literary landscape and calligraphy landscape.
出处
《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期101-112,194,共13页
Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“北宋党争视域下石刻文献的多元观照”(15CZW037)。
关键词
北宋
党争
石刻题名
Northern Song dynasty
Factionalism
Stone inscription
