摘要
核桃是世界范围内的重要果树,无论面积还是产量在各类干果中均居首位。品种是核桃生产的基础。20世纪60年代中后期至今,我国核桃产业以丰产、早实、品质优和抗逆为育种目标,积极进行核桃品种的选育工作,取得了显著的成就。对国内外核桃品种选育研究工作,包括国内外品种应用现状、实生选种、杂交育种和引种研究等方面进行了全面综述,旨在为核桃育种工作提供理论参考。展望未来,培育良种时只有高度重视种质资源科学的开发利用研究,才能培育出适应未来轻简化栽培的核桃优良品种,以促进我国核桃产业的可持续发展。
Walnut is one of the most important nut crops in the world,and ranks first in all kinds of nut species in terms of growing area and total yield.Walnut with high nutritional value has occupied the first place in the world in both growing area and yield in China,and has significantly social,economic and ecological benefits.In addition,walnut also has significant environmental protection and ecological value,and plays an important role in national strategy of returning farmland to forest in China.Walnut varieties with excellent comprehensive characteristics are the basis of the walnut industry.For a long time,the walnut yield per unit in China is lower and the quality is poor.One of the main reasons is the low popularity of excellent varieties,which seriously restrict the further improvement of walnut yield and quality.So,this article reviews the progress in walnut variety breeding in recent years,in order to provide reference for walnut scientific research,production and application in the future.High yield,early fruiting,as well as good quality and stress resistance are the main objectives of walnut breeding,which are affected by the density of fruiting branches,the number of female flowers,fruit setting rate and nut size.China is rich in wild walnut resources,and cross breeding is an important way to improve walnut yield and quality.As there are the same chromosome number and similar genetic background among various walnut species,different walnut varieties had been used in cross breeding to develop more walnut varieties.Walnut cross breeding in China began in the middle and late 1960s.In 1990,the Ministry of Forestry approved 16 new early-fruiting walnut cultivars,which have become the principal varieties to be popularized in China.In the breeding of walnut,the comprehensive scoring method is the most commonly used.Its main focus is to weight-score the main economic traits such as kernel yield,nut weight and high yield that affect the quality of walnut,and select the best one according to the comprehensive score,but the weight of each trait is indeed very subjective.After years of development,principal component analysis and the comprehensive index method have also been widely used in the selection of improved varieties of walnut.As early as the early 1950s,Wuhan Botanical Garden introduced many walnut varieties and types from the United States,the former Soviet Union and some Eastern European countries.Since then,major walnut research and teaching units in China have widely carried out the introduction of exceptional varieties,and successively introduced excellent walnut varieties from abroad.In recent years,with the rapid development of China’s walnut industry,excellent walnut varieties have been introduced and planted frequently among provinces,which have greatly promoted the popularization of excellent varieties.China has made some achievements in walnut breeding.All localities have made full use of local walnut germplasm resources and cultivated many excellent walnut varieties.However,how to further cultivate new varieties with early bearing,high yield,strong stress resistance and better nut quality is still an important goal of walnut breeding in the future.Compared with developed countries,there are still three problems in walnut breeding in China.1)The breeding goals need to be adjusted to change the previous standard of only pursuing kernel yield and reducing shell thickness,and the breeding of medium thick shell varieties is the mainstream of industrial development in the future.2)Strengthen the breeding of disease-resistant varieties by molecular biology.At present,existing walnut varieties have no resistance to major diseases,resulting in a significant reduction in yield in disease epidemic years and the benefits of walnut industry.3)Development and utilization of characteristic resources are far from meeting the needs of industrial development,and there is an urgent need to carry out in-depth work.With the improvement of people's living standards,the deepening understanding of walnut nutritional and health value and medical efficacy,as well as the development and utilization of walnut series products,the demand for walnuts will continue to rise,and higher requirements are put forward for the quality of walnuts.Looking forward to the future,the field of walnut variety breeding will show the following trends.1)Medium thick shell varieties are popular for the requirements of industrial mechanization.2)The development and utilization of resources should be deepened,so as to cultivate dual-purpose varieties to serve industrial development,and cultivate characteristic varieties to meet the diversified requirements of consumers.3)Molecular biology should be applied to assist in the breeding of new varieties and help traditional technologies to improve breeding efficiency.4)More attention should be paid to the research on germplasm resources and a good foundation should be laid for the breeding of new varieties.Therefore,we should attach great importance to the scientific research on the development and utilization of germplasm resources when cultivating and selecting improved varieties,so as to cultivate excellent varieties that adapt to the future trend of simplified techniques for walnut production,and promote the sustainable development of China’s walnut industry.
作者
王磊
曹亚龙
孟海军
赵伟
张港港
韩轩轩
樊璐
卢战平
董兆斌
王根宪
吴国良
WANG Lei;CAO Yalong;MENG Haijun;ZHAO Wei;ZHANG Ganggang;HAN Xuanxuan;FAN Lu;LU Zhanping;DONG Zhaobin;WANG Genxian;WU Guoliang(College of Horticultural Science,Henan Agricultural University/Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology,Zhengzhou 450002,Henan,China;Jiyuan State-owned Nanshan Forest Farm,Jiyuan 459001,Henan,China;Shangluo Shengda Industry Co.,LTD,Shangluo 726199,Shannxi,China)
出处
《果树学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第12期2406-2417,共12页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
济源市国家核桃良种基地建设(林场行字2018-4号)
陕西省红仁核桃丰产栽培及深加工利用技术研究(项目编号:2021 ZDLNY04-05)
关键词
核桃
品种
杂交育种
引种
实生选种
Walnut
Variety
Hybrid breeding
Introduction
Seed selection
