摘要
清朝从1644年入关到1750年代完成疆域整合,在此期间形成了地缘格局、财政构造和政治认同的三重均衡态。这种均衡态在推动康雍乾三朝走向盛世的同时,又构成一道陷阱,使清朝失去提升对内治理能力和对外竞争能力的内在需求,导致嘉道以后应对危机的能力下降。至1850年代,延续近一个世纪的均衡态被彻底颠覆。1860年代至1890年代初,三重均衡态重新建立,既成就了“同光中兴”,使晚清政权得以维持在盛世时期业已奠定的疆域格局,又延迟了政权本身的近代转型。甲午战争以后,这种均衡态再度消失,让位于三重不均衡态,导致清季十年国家转型的失败和清朝的最终覆亡。晚清国家转型因此成败参半:在维持18世纪中叶所奠定的疆域格局方面,是基本成功的;在向近代主权国家过渡及维护国家主权方面,成败参半;在政治体制的近代转型方面,则以失败告终。
A triple equilibrium in geopolitical setting,fiscal constitution,and identity building emerged during the Qing state’s territorial consolidation from 1644 to the 1750 s.It accounted for the Qing’s the unprecedented strength during the reigns of Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong but also reduced the dynasty’s needs for enhanced capabilities of domestic governance and external competition,which in turn led to its weakness in dealing with crisis during the reigns of Jiaqing and Daoguang.The equilibrium prolonged for about a century and disappeared completely by the 1850 s.From the 1860 s to the early 1890 s,the triple equilibrium reemerged,which made possible the so-called "Tongzhi-Guangxu Restoration" and allowed the Qing to maintain much of its preexisting territories yet also postponed its modern transformation.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894,the triple equilibrium yielded to a triple discquilibrium,which explains the failure of state transformation in the last decade of the Qing dynasty and its eventual demise.Late Qing state transformation thus was both a success and a failure:it largely succeeded in maintaining its territorial pattern that had existed since the mid-eighteenth century but failed in transforming its government system.
出处
《文史哲》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期36-50,165,共16页
Literature,History,and Philosophy
