摘要
【目的】研究实现水稻稳产和土壤氮磷淋失低风险的肥料管理措施,以减少农田养分进入流域水域的风险,并提高农业生产的效益。【方法】田间试验在云南大理国家农田生态系统野外观测研究站进行,种植制度为水稻–大蒜–水稻–蚕豆轮作,试验连续进行了两年。设置8个水稻施肥处理:不施肥(CK);常规施肥(CF);减施20%常规肥(T1);等氮有机肥替代T1(T2);等磷(P)有机肥替代T1,尿素补齐氮肥(T3);考虑有机肥矿化率25%,以氮计,有机肥替代T1(T4);考虑有机肥矿化率25%,以磷计,有机肥替代T1,尿素补齐氮肥(T5);缓控释肥(T6)。测定2019和2020年水稻产量,以及2020年0—100 cm深度稻田土壤剖面全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷和有效磷含量的变化。【结果】与常规施肥比,T2、T3和T4处理降低籽粒和秸秆产量,T1和T5处理籽粒和秸秆产量与常规施肥无显著差异,T6处理显著增加水稻籽粒和秸秆产量。土壤全氮在0—40 cm土层累积,与常规施肥CF相比,有机肥处理增加了土壤表层全氮含量。土壤铵态氮含量在0—20 cm土层最高,20 cm以下急剧降低,除CK外,其他处理土壤铵态氮含量均低于CF处理。土壤硝态氮在0—40 cm土层累积,最高含量在20—40 cm土层,施用高有机肥量的T4和T5处理土壤硝态氮含量大于CF,其他处理小于CF。土壤全磷含量随着土层深度增加缓慢降低,与CF处理相比,T4、T5和T6处理表层土壤全磷含量增加显著。土壤有效磷主要在0—40 cm土层累积,与CF处理相比,T4和T5处理在0—40 cm土层土壤有效磷含量增加最多。【结论】在本研究试验条件下,不论施用化肥还是有机肥,土壤全量和有效态氮磷均主要固存于0—40 cm土层。化肥在常规用量基础上减施20%可以保证水稻产量且降低土壤氮磷含量,使用缓控释肥替代常规化肥的效果更佳。短期施用低量有机肥会降低水稻产量,而大量施用有机肥替代化肥增加了土壤氮、磷含量及氮、磷下移的风险。
【Objectives】This study investigated rice yield and N and P leaching in 0–100 cm soil depth under different fertilization regimes.We aim to support nutrient management that meets the requirement of safe surface water quality with empirical data.【Methods】A two-years localized experiment was conducted at the National Agricultural Environment,Dali Observation and Experiment Station,where the cropping system is rice-garlic-rice-faba bean.Eight fertilization regimes was set up during the rice season:no fertilization(CK),chemical N and P fertilization at the conventional rate(CF),chemical N and P fertilization at 20%less conventional rate(T1),organic fertilizer application in equal N rate with T1(T2),organic fertilizer application in equal P rate with T1(T3),organic fertilizer application at N and P available rate in T1 considering 25%mineralization(T4,T5),and controlled release fertilizer at the N rate in T1(T6).Rice yields were investigated in 2019 and 2020.The total and available N and P contents in 0-100 cm soil depth at 20 cm intervals were measured in 2020.【Results】T2,T3,T4 reduced rice grain and straw yields compared with CF.Soil total N was mainly accumulated at 0-40 cm depth.In comparison with CF,T4 and T5 increased the total N in 0-20 cm topsoil.The highest soil NH_(4)^(+)-N content was recorded in the 0-20 cm layer,with a successive decrease across the soil depth.Except for CK,all the fertilization treatments had(P<0.05)lower NH_(4)^(+)-N content than CF.Soil NO_(3)^(-)-N was mainly accumulated at 0-40 cm layer,with the highest contents observed in 20-40 cm depth.All the fertilization treatments had lower NO_(3)^(-)-N contents than CF in the topsoil.T4 and T5 had higher NO_(3)^(-)-N content at 20-40 cm soil layer.The soil total P content decreased slowly with soil depth.T4,T5,and T6 increased the total P content in the topsoil.Soil available P decreased with soil depth and was accumulated at 0-40 cm layer.T4 and T5 increased soil available P at 0-40 cm layer in comparison with CF.【Conclusions】Under the experimental condition,the total and available N and P were mainly accumulated in the 0-40 cm soil layer,although there were variations among fertilization patterns.Reducing 20%chemical N and P input could ensure rice yield and reduce soil N and P residue,and using controlled-release fertilizer is more effective than common fertilizers.Replacing chemical P with an equal amount of organic P without considering the mineralization rate of organic fertilizers would decrease rice yield but not N and P residue in the topsoil.Replacing chemical N with organic N considering its mineralization would increase soil N and P content and increase the risk of soil leaching.Therefore,we conclude that the large-scale application of organic fertilizers over the long term may cause the downward shift of N and P.
作者
姜海斌
张克强
沈仕洲
马瑛骏
渠清博
邹洪涛
JIANG Hai-bin;ZHANG Ke-qiang;SHEN Shi-zhou;MA Ying-jun;QU Qing-bo;ZOU Hong-tao(Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191,China;College of Land and Environment,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China;Dali Observation and Experimental Station of National Agricultural Environment,Yunnan 671004,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第1期23-32,共10页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0800103)
云南省科技创新开放基金(2017HC015)
云南省基础研究计划项目(2019FD120)
国家现代农业产业技术体系资助
所级基础前沿任务资助项目(2021-jcqyrw-yfx)。
关键词
减施化肥
有机肥替代
有机肥矿化率
水稻产量
土壤养分含量
养分淋洗
chemical fertilizer reduction
organic fertilization replacement
mineralization rate of organic fertilizer
rice yield
soil nutrient content
nutrient leaching
