摘要
清代实行旗民分治政策,旗人不隶州县,不入民籍,由八旗系统单独管理。在制度和法律层面,“旗”与“民”是清代社会人群的基本分野,然而民众的实际生活从来不是如此泾渭分明。在直隶地区为数众多的投充人群当中,“舍民称旗”或“讳旗称民”的现象普遍存在。同一家族甚至同一家庭内部,家族成员既有民籍又有旗籍的现象并非个案,某些成员甚至不断变换“旗”、“民”身份,游走于八旗系统与州县系统之间。看似森严的制度与法律存在模糊地带,诸多政策漏洞为投机者提供了空间,或由“民”入“旗”以谋取土地利益,或由“旗”入“民”以获得仕进之资,呈现出旗民间的双向流动。深入考察清代错综复杂的旗民籍属、关注二元制度共存的交错地带,有助于矫正以往“旗”、“民”对立模式的片面理解,更清晰地认识清代旗民分治下族群关系、基层社会及民众生活的复杂性和多样性。
The Qing Dynasty enforced a separate governance policy for Eight Banners people,which ruled that banner people were neither included into any prefectures or counties,nor listed on the civilian registration,and instead they were administered by the institution of Eight Banners.Institutionally and legally,“banner”and“civilian”marked a basic divide between different social groups in the dynasty.However,in reality,the boundary between the two were not so rigid.For example,a large number of touchong people(Han-Chinese farmers who joined the Eight Banners as their lands were seized by the Manchu army)in Zhili Province claimed themselves either“banner people”or“civilian commoners”.A clan or even a family can have both member who were registered as civilian commoners and members who were registered as banners people.Some people changed their registered identities between the two,swinging between the Eight Banners and the civilian administration.An ambiguous area existed in the seemingly strict system and law,and providing many speculators policy loopholes.Specifi cally,some changed from“civilian commoner”to“banner people”in order to seek lands,or from“banner people”to“civilian commoners”for offi cial promotion,showing the fl uidity of people’s identities between banner people and civilian commoners.An in-depth examination of Qing Dynasty’s complicated banner-civilian classifi cation,with a focus on the overlapping area of the dual system,helps to correct a binary view of banner status as opposite to civilian status,thereby achieving a better understanding of the complexity and diversity of the ethnic relations and grass-root society,as well as people’s life in the context of separate governance of Eight Banners people.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第6期68-92,M0005,共26页
Historical Research
基金
国家社科基金项目“17—20世纪华北地区旗人及其后裔群体研究”(15BZS109)阶段性成果。
