摘要
【目的】有机肥替代是在维持作物产量的同时减少化学氮肥用量的关键措施之一。然而,有机肥替代化学氮肥的小麦产量效应、环境代价和经济效益的复杂联系尚不清楚。本研究通过系统分析,量化了有机肥替代的农学、环境和经济效应,旨在为有机肥替代技术在我国小麦生产中的应用提供参考。【方法】本研究利用文献调研方法,对2019年12月前经同行评议发表的涉及有机肥替代化学氮肥在小麦生产上应用的文献通过Meta分析,从农学、环境和经济角度评估有机肥替代的综合效益。【结果】有机肥替代处理在化学氮肥用量平均减少43%的条件下,未降低小麦产量。有机肥替代比例对小麦产量有巨大影响。在替代化肥比例<15%和15%—30%时,有机肥替代处理分别增产8%和5%,而在替代化肥比例>30%时,未显著增产。小麦生产的净经济效益受替代比例和替代有机肥类型影响。当有机肥替代比例<30%时,净经济效益无显著性差异;而当替代比例>45%时,牛粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,净经济效益减少18%和68%。有机肥替代使小麦生长季的NH3挥发减少24%、小麦收获期的土壤硝酸盐残留量减少16%,但使小麦生长季的N2O排放量增加了32%。进一步分析可知,土壤性质、有机肥类型、气候条件、试验持续年限、产量和施肥水平均可调控有机肥替代的小麦产量效应。与单施化肥相比,有机肥替代处理在SOM>15 g·kg^-1时显著增产4%,而在SOM≤15 g·kg^-1时无增产效应,在土壤pH<7时增产8%、而在土壤pH>7时无增产效应。当鸡粪、猪粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,有机肥替代处理分别增产6%、6%和4%,而牛粪作为替代有机肥时无增产效应。有机肥替代处理在年降雨量>600 mm区域显著增产4%,而在≤600 mm区域无增产效应。在年平均气温>15℃区域增产5%,而在年平均气温<15℃区域无增产效应。有机肥持续应用>10年增产6%,而在<10年无增产效应;在高施氮量条件下有机肥替代使小麦产量显著增加4%,而在中、低施氮量条件下无增产效应。在低产水平下有机肥替代使小麦产量显著增加9%,而在中、高产下有机肥替代无增产效应。【结论】有机肥替代处理在化学氮肥用量平均减少43%的条件下,未降低小麦产量,在维持小麦产量的同时有大幅减少化学氮肥用量和氮损失的潜力,但未增加净经济效益。应用合理的化学氮肥替代量、有机肥类型在降水充足和高温区域更易发挥有机肥替代的增产效应。
【Objective】Substituting fertilizer by manure is a key measure to reduce the amount of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer while maintaining yield.However,the complex relationships among grain yield,environmental costs,and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure were still not clear for wheat production.This study quantified the agronomic,environmental and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure,aiming to provide a reference for the application of substituting fertilizer by manure for wheat production of China.【Method】In this study,the effects of substituting fertilizer by manure on the agronomic,environmental and economic benefits of wheat production in China were assessed through Meta-analysis.【Result】Substituting fertilizer by manure did not reduce wheat yield under the condition that the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by an average of 43%.The replacement ratio of manure was less than 15%and 15%-30%,and the yield significantly increased by 8%and 5%,respectively;while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 30%,the yield did not significantly increase.Net economic benefit of wheat production was influenced by the replacement ratio of manure and the type of substituted manure.The replacement ratio of manure was less than 30%,and the net economic benefit showed no significant diffidence;while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 45%,net economic benefits decrease by 18%,68%when using cow manure and commercial manure as substituting fertilizer.Substituting fertilizer by manure reduced NH3 volatilization by 24%in whole wheat growing season,and decreased nitrate residue by 16%at wheat harvest stage,but increased N2O emission by 32%in whole wheat growing season.Further analysis indicated that soil properties,manure types,climatic conditions,test duration,yield and fertilization level could regulate wheat yield of substituted manure.Compared with application of chemical fertilizer treatment,the grain yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 4%when soil organic matter>15 g·kg^-1,while there was no difference when soil organic matter<15 g·kg^-1.Yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 8%when soil pH<7,while there was no difference when soil pH>7.When chicken manure,pig manure and commercial organic manure was used as substituted manure,grain yield increased by 6%,6%and 4%,respectively,while there was no difference when cow manure was considered as substituted manure.Substituting fertilizer by manure treatment significantly increased yield by 4%in the areas with annual precipitation>600 mm,but there was no difference in the areas with annual precipitation≤600 mm.Substituting fertilizer by manure increased yield by 5%in areas with average annual air temperature>15℃,but there was no difference in the areas with average annual air temperature<15℃.The duration of the experiment,the different yield and fertilization levels could affect wheat yield of substituted manure.Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer treatment,the grain yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 6%when duration of the experiment more than a decade,while there was no difference when duration of the experiment less than a decade.Yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 4%when under the condition of high nitrogen application rate,while there was no difference when low nitrogen application rate.The substitution of manure at low yields significantly increased wheat yield by 9%,while the substitution of manure at medium and high yields no difference.【Conclusion】Substituting fertilizer by manure did not reduce wheat yield under the condition that the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by an average of 43%.Substituting fertilizer by manure had the potential to substantially reduce the amount of chemical N fertilizer and N loss while maintaining wheat yield,but did not increase economic income.It was very important for increasing wheat yield,protecting ecological environment and increasing economic income to adopt suitable manure types and ratio of substituting fertilizer by manure.The use of reasonable amount of chemical N fertilizer substitution and manure types had the potential to increase the yield of substituting fertilizer by manure in the areas of sufficient precipitation and high air temperature.
作者
李永华
武雪萍
何刚
王朝辉
LI YongHua;WU XuePing;HE Gang;WANG ZhaoHui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第23期4879-4890,共12页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408)、国家自然科学基金(31902120)、西北农林科技大学科研启动项目(2452018110)。
关键词
有机肥替代比例
土壤性质
气候条件
N2O排放
NH3挥发
硝酸盐淋溶
产量
经济效益
replacement ratio of manure
soil properties
climatic conditions
N2O emissions
NH3 volatilization
nitrate leaching
yield
economic benefits
