摘要
作为当代中国重大民生工程,易地搬迁能在多大程度上减少家庭贫困仍未成共识,后2020扶贫成效的巩固和提升有赖于瞄准相对贫困的群体,由此深化对移民社区动态和生计的理解是重要的。文章基于减少贫困和缩小差距双重视角,从微观农户层次定量考察易地搬迁的政策效应,深入剖析了导致移民接续生计分化的因素及其贡献比率。使用来自陕南的调查数据,借助反事实分析框架,模拟了移民在不搬迁情境下的收入,通过比较搬迁和不搬迁情境下移民的贫困和收入差异变化发现,搬迁一方面显著降低了家庭贫困发生率、贫困深度和强度,帮助他们跨越了“贫困陷阱”,另一方面也打破了原来的低水平均衡,可能伴生移民收入分异的问题。收入差异决定因素分解结果表明:导致不同类型家庭收入分化的因素既有共性也有差异,无论对于移民还是非移民,是否为生态示范村、耕地面积、家庭规模、是否靠近车站、宗教信仰都是左右家庭收入的主要因素,与此同时,信贷可得性、可求助户数、是否为低保户对移民收入具有特殊的意义;正式和非正式的外部支持经由家庭生计选择深刻地影响着搬迁户的发展方向和层次。研究结果意味着,扶贫搬迁面临消除贫困和平衡发展两难兼顾的现实挑战,在搬迁扶贫的过程中,既要关注贫困的减少也要防范收入分异可能导致的移民社会脱节和社区撕裂风险,避免按下葫芦浮起瓢。为此,除了要保证资源再分配中的公平公正,还要注意提供正规的信贷支持和拓展移民的社会关系网络,为相关群体创造平等的发展环境。
So far,there has been no general consensus as to how much the relocation and settlement program,a major livelihood project in contemporary China,can reduce poverty.Consolidation and improvement of poverty alleviation performance after 2020 depend on targeting relatively poor people.To this end,it is important to better understand the adjustment of migrant communities.Based on the dual perspectives of poverty reduction and gap reduction,this paper quantitatively examines the policy effect of anti-poverty relocation from the household level,and analyzes the factors leading to the migrants’livelihood differentiation and their contribution rankings.Using survey data from southern Shaanxi and with a counterfactual analysis,we simulated the income of migrants in a non-relocated counterfactual scenario.By comparing poverty and income disparity among migrants in relocated and non-relocated scenarios,we found that:on the one hand,relocation significantly reduced the incidence,depth and intensity of household poverty,helping the households overcome the‘poverty trap’;on the other hand,it also broke the original low level equilibrium,probably accompanied by the problem of income differentiation of migrants.Decomposition of income showed that factors leading to the income differentiation of different types of households had both similarities and differences.For both migrants and non-migrants,whether it is and eclolgical demoustration village,the are a of farmland,household size,whether it is close to the station,and religious belief are the main factors affecting household income,Meanwhile,the credit availability,number of households available for assistance,and whether the household could receive subsistence had a unique impact on migrants’income.The findings suggest that the anti-poverty relocation and settlemenf program is faced with the realictic challenge of eliminationg poverty while promoting balanced development,and in the implementation of anti-poverty relocation and settlement,attention should be paid both to the reduction of poverty and to the risk of social disconnection and community fragmentation caused by income disparity.Therefore,in addition to ensuring fairness and justice in the redistribution of resources,we should also pay attention to providing formal credit support and expanding the migrants’social network,so as to create an equal development environment for relevant groups.
作者
李聪
王磊
李明来
LI Cong;WANG Lei;LI Ming-Lai(School of Economics and Finance,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an Shaanxi 710061,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第7期140-150,共11页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家自然科学基金项目“生态扶贫政策下西部贫困山区生态与生计耦合机制及减贫效应的理论与实证研究——以陕南移民搬迁工程为例”(批准号:71673219)
“连片特困地区易地扶贫搬迁对农户可持续生计的作用机制研究:以陕南为例”(批准号:71803149)
国家自然科学基金面上项目“生计恢复力视角下易地扶贫搬迁对象脱贫模式、返贫风险与可持续发展政策创新研究”(批准号:71973104)
中科院城市与区域生态国家重点实验室2019年开放课题“易地扶贫搬迁政策下农户的响应、生计与生态效应及耦合机制研究”(批准号:SKLURE2019-2-2)
清华大学中国农村研究院博士论文奖学金项目(批准号:201910)。
关键词
易地搬迁
贫困
收入分异
中国陕南
relocation and settlement program
poverty
income disparity
southern Shaanxi
China
