摘要
藜属植物为一年生或多年生草本植物,其中绝大部分种的茎、叶和种子可入药,嫩叶可食用,喜生于路旁、田边及轻度盐碱地,能够适应干旱和较为贫瘠的土壤环境。自新石器时代开始,西南地区考古遗址当中就普遍发现藜属植物遗存,部分遗址当中藜属植物遗存的数量甚至远超农作物及其他植物遗存,为我们探讨藜属植物的利用提供了最直接的证据。文章系统梳理我国西南地区目前发现的先秦时期以前的藜属植物遗存,结合古代文献材料、民族志材料,探索了西南地区先秦时期藜属植物的利用方式。研究结果显示,西南地区先秦时期的藜属植物可能并非仅依靠采集所得或作为伴生杂草随农作物进入遗址,部分可能被人为栽培利用。对藜属植物的利用方式主要包括对其用种子、茎叶的食用以及药用、加工工具等。此外,藜属植物在西南地区大量出现还与遗址的农业种植、牧业活动等有所关联。西南地区先民对藜属植物资源的利用,反映出区域内早期居民生态资源拓展方式的多样性,特别是对于自然环境相对严酷的青藏高原地区,开发利用以藜属植物为代表的野生植物资源,是高效利用有限耕地和资源的最佳方式,对推动青藏高原早期文明进程具有重要意义。
The genus of ChenopodiumLinn(Family-Chenopodiaceae)is an annual or perennial species which could be used by human for multiple approaches such as vegetable,medicine,or the food resources of herds.As a com⁃mon weed,they live in a diverse habitat,including the roadside,the edge of the field and even the hostile environ⁃ment like mild saline-alkali land.Recently,the archaeobotanical evidence shows that since the late Neolithic pe⁃riod,the genus of Chenopodiumhas has been exploited by ancestors in southwest China,which provides the most direct evidence for the utilization of Chenopodium.In this article,the archaeological materials of Chenopodium during the pre-Qin period in southwest China is systematically integrate by referring to the ancient Chinese liter⁃ature texts,and is compared with the ethnological materials so as to explore the various utilization methods and understand the specific role it played in the sites.The results indicate that Chenopodium in the pre-Qin period in southwest China may not only be gathered or came into the site as weeds with crops,but some of them may be cul⁃tivated artificially.The utilization methods of Chenopodium mainly include food resources,medicinal resources,and tools.In addition,the findings of Chenopodium in southwest China is also associated with agricultural cultiva⁃tion and pastoral activities.Moreover,the utilization of Chenopodium in ancient southwest China also suggests the diversity of acquirement methods for ecological resources.Particularly,known as the‘roof of the world’,the Tibetan plateau is famous for its harsh natural environment.In this case,to explore available wild botanical re⁃sources such as Chenopodium is one of the optimized ways to take advantage of the limited arable land and eco⁃logical resources efficiently,which is of great significance to promote the early civilization process on the Tibetan plateau.
作者
郜媛媛
GAO Yuan-yuan(School of History and Culture,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610065)
基金
2016年度教育部人文社会科学基地重大项目“青藏高原丝绸之路考古调查与研究”阶段性成果,项目号:16JJD780011。
关键词
藜属
植物遗存
西南地区
先秦时期
资源利用
Chenopodium
Plant remains
Southwest China
Pre-Qin period
Resource utilization
