摘要
我国自改革开放以来,城市化率从1978年的17.92%提高到2017年的58.52%。在快速城市化过程中,带来了地表植被破坏、城市洪涝灾害、水土流失、土壤污染、黑臭水体等各种生态环境问题,同时因为环境保护和生态修复等法律法规体系建设的滞后,生态环境的改善工作依旧面临着挑战。研究结合当下自然资源部及国土生态修复司成立,统一行使所有国土空间生态保护修复职责的背景,通过对德国生态修复历程的梳理,总结德国生态修复体制建设的经验,从政策层面、规划层面、地块修复层面对我国生态修复规划体制建设提出理论参考和经验借鉴。
The urbanization rate has increased from 17.92%in 1978 to 58.52%in 2017 since China’s reform and opening up.The rapid urbanization and unreasonable resource utilization has resulted in various ecological and environmental problems such as surface vegetation deterioration,urban flood disaster,water loss and soil erosion,soil pollution,black and smelly water and so on.In recent years,China has carried out extensive work in many areas of ecological restoration such as water pollution control,soil pollution control,soil erosion repair,and has achieved significant results.For example,the ecological restoration and management of open-air abandoned mines in Beijing,Huangshi,Shanghai and other places,the attempts to control water pollution in Taihu Lake of Jiangsu Province,the Dian Lake of Yunnan Province,Dongting Lake of Hunan Province and other areas.However,economic development and natural resource characteristics vary in different regions of China,and ecological restoration involves multiple stakeholders and the interests of all parties are complex.At the same time,the construction of laws and regulations such as environmental protection and ecological restoration in China is relatively lagging behind,which makes China’s ecological restoration and environmental improvement work still facing many challenges.In 2018,the Ministry of Natural Resources was established to strengthen the management of various natural resources such as natural mountains,rivers and lakes,forests,farmlands,wetlands,grassland,etc.,and unified the exercise of all national space ecological protection and restoration duties.China’s ecological restoration work has entered a new historical period.In the context of the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources in China,the study sorts out the development process of ecological restoration in Germany.The construction of ecological restoration system in Germany has mainly experienced three stages:early stage of industrialization,rapid industrialization and late stage of industrialization.From the restoration of single land to the establishment of legislation and planning system,to the reconstruction of ecosystem,the construction of ecological restoration system has been continuously improved in practice.It is also concluded that the foundation of the establishment of the German ecological restoration system is to satisfy the local government’s high degree of autonomy.It has not introduced a comprehensive ecological restoration laws and regulations that accommodate various types of ecological restoration and restoration requirements.Instead,the states combine local practices and have a focus on local ecological restoration regulations and regulations.The principles and directions for ecological restoration at the federal government level are implemented by the state governments according to local ecological environment status and economic development stages.At the spatial planning level,the ecological restoration special plan has not been separately compiled,but different types of ecological restoration content have been integrated into the spatial planning,landscape planning and construction planning of the“Federal-State-County-Municipality”level.At the level of land restoration management,the ecological restoration of Germany stipulates a strict rigorous treatment processes and supervision mechanisms according to different types of restoration such as the restoration of open-air abandoned mines,the restoration of industrial land,and the restoration of soil pollution.The main institutions and agencies of implementation and supervision are also concentrated at the state and municipal levels.Through sorting out Germany’s ecological remediation process and summarizing the experience of the ecological restoration system construction in Germany,this paper attempts to put forward some theoretical reference and experience reference for the construction of ecological restoration planning system in China.Compared with the experience of German ecological restoration work and system construction,this paper mainly has three conclusions and recommendations.Recommendation 1:strengthen China’s ecological restoration legislation from the policy legislation level,fully considering the characteristics of China’s top-down administrative management system,and further clarifying the main institutions of administrative responsibility and supervision system at various levels of ecological restoration.Highlighting the autonomy of each region in ecological restoration work.Recommendation 2:Improving China’s ecological restoration planning system from the perspective of spatial planning,and building a“National-Provincial-City-District-Town”five-level ecological restoration special planning system to guide the authority and focus of the main body of affairs at all levels in ecological restoration work.Recommendation 3:Strengthen the construction guidelines for the ecological restoration project of the land from the site restoration level,clarifying the multi-objective system of the ecological restoration project,and building an innovative information platform for the national ecological restoration technology to ensure the steady development of ecological restoration work.
作者
陈蓉
王小兵
陈颖
CHEN Rong;WANG Xiaobing;CHEN Ying
出处
《西部人居环境学刊》
2020年第1期74-81,共8页
Journal of Human Settlements in West China
关键词
生态修复
体制建设
空间规划
德国
Ecological Restoration
Institutional Building
Space Planning
Germany
