摘要
科学研究与技术创新在推动发展同时产生潜在社会负外部性,引发研究与实践对科技创新治理的关注,以实现科技创新的社会责任。"开放"作为一种组织机制引发了特定创新活动从参与主体、过程演进、环境交互、到结果评价等方面的重审。研究基于责任式创新视角,从科学研究、技术开发、社会发展的全过程,构建了与之相适配的开放科学、开放战略、及开放社会为基础的科技创新责任治理开放机制框架,并聚焦争议性科学研究(预防性基因编译与生殖性克隆)和争议性技术创新(区块链与人工智能)的案例予以论证。研究认为责任式创新视角下科技创新的治理需考虑特定科技创新活动面向科学研究、技术开发、社会发展不同阶段的界面交互与差异化责任准则匹配;开放作为一种核心机制,对应科技创新从科学研究到社会发展的阶段过程,可建构与之相适配的开放科学到开放社会的治理机制,从而为科技创新的责任治理提供借鉴启示。
While promoting development, scientific research and technological innovation generate potential negative externalities for society, it triggers academic and practical concerns about the governance of scientific research and technological innovation for realizing the social responsibilities. However, the potential negative externalities of emerging science and technologies continue to cause controversy. Two basic propositions on science and technology governance are thought-provoking. One is that how to effectively control the impact of specific innovation activities and innovations on society, and another one is that which mechanism is better for responsible governance for research and innovation, leading the evolution of scientific and technological innovation towards social satisfaction. For social responsibilities and social satisfaction, the Horizon 2020 Framework Plan from the European Commission proposes a technological governance paradigm "responsible innovation". As an umbrella term for responsible governance of scientific and technological innovation, responsible innovation covers the process of basic scientific research, applied technological innovation and social communication popularization, et al. Along with the transformation and application of scientific research and technological innovation to industry and society, issues such as integrated governance of technology-society, construction, and evaluation of technological society, and ethical standards of controversial technologies such as artificial intelligence have attracted more and more attention. Responsible innovation begins to extend to the governance of the whole innovation process, as well as the participation, co-governance and responsibility constraints of multiple actors in the process. It advocates the establishment of a transparent, interactive and open mechanism to include more stakeholders so that the innovation process and results can meet the advanced technologies, feasible technologies, economic benefits and social expectations. European Commission further emphasizes emerging technological innovation interaction between society and citizens, to make no harm and do good. Cross-cutting issues, such as citizen innovation, public engagement governance, grand challenges, science popularization responsible education, are received further attention.As an organizational mechanism, "openness" has triggered a re-examine of specific innovation activities from the perspective of participants, process evolution, environmental interaction, and outcome evaluation. From the process view of responsible innovation, including scientific research, technological exploitation, and social development, this paper frames the corresponding open framework for technological innovation governance, containing open science, open strategy, and open society. On the stage of scientific research, open science is for technological innovation governance. To satisfy the responsibility criterion on the scientific research stage, which is producing reliable and useful knowledge, research needs to ensure open data, repeatable results and peer review, and also needs to consider the theoretical and practical value of the results from a longer-term view.On the stage of technological exploitation, open strategy is for technological innovation governance. At this stage, research results are no longer restricted in laboratories but converted to scientific and technological achievements with industrial and social value. As the core of responsible governance on the stage of technological exploitation, open strategy emphasizes the interaction between internal and external heterogeneous subjects, to make the innovation process and technological decisions more transparent. Open strategy is divided into two dimensions, one is inclusion that who to be included in the process, and another one is transparency that what to share. Inclusion refers to the participation of multiple actors in strategic dialogue, such as information exchange, value shaping, etc. Transparency focuses on the visibility of innovation content and process, open technological information and innovation process so that stakeholders can recognize the positive and negative impacts of technological development. It helps to evaluate and interpret the potential challenges, values, and benefits of innovation, and promote the responsible governance of technological development, from the perspective of future goals.On the stage of social development, open society is for technological innovation governance. Governance of emerging technological innovation depends on citizen participation. Citizens’ right to know the process and result of innovation through participation, can guide the social response and social construction. of science and technology. On this basis, along with the improvement of citizens’ scientific and technological literacy and their deep participation, citizens will strengthen the embedding of the process modification, optimization, and construction of scientific and technological innovation, and ultimately realize citizen innovation.Subsequently, case studies focusing on controversial scientific research(e.g. preventive gene compilation and reproductive cloning) and controversial technological innovation(e.g. the block-chains and the artificial intelligence). From the perspective of the whole process of scientific and technological innovation, this paper analyses the enlightenment of responsible technological governance under the open framework, especially for emerging and controversial scientific research and controversial technological innovation. In case studies, controversial scientific research is mainly embedded in the governance of interaction and response between science and society, while controversial technological innovation covers more interaction and response between technology and society. Open technology governance framework needs to apply and adapt to different stages of scientific and technological innovation activities, and then provide enlightenment for the evolution of specific research and innovation activities to the direction of social satisfaction.This study considers that the governance of scientific and technological innovation from the perspective of responsible innovation needs to consider the interface interaction and the matching of differentiated responsibility criteria in the different stages of scientific research, technological development and social development, for specific scientific and technological innovation activities. As a core mechanism, the open mechanism can construct an appropriate governance mechanism from open science to open society, which can provide a reference for the responsible governance of scientific and technological innovation.
作者
梅亮
吴欣桐
王伟楠
Mei Liang;Wu Xintong;Wang Weinan(National Development Research Institute,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;Research Center for Future Education Management,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;School of Economics and Management,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Research Centre for Technological Innovation,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《科研管理》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第12期1-10,共10页
Science Research Management
基金
中国博士后科学基金第11批特别资助项目:“科技发展社会满意度作用机理:责任式创新人本动因视角”(2018T110110,2018.06-2019.03)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目:“责任式创新的共性理论基础与作用机理研究”(71704090,2018.01-2018.12)
关键词
责任式创新
科技创新治理
开放科学
开放战略
开放社会
responsible innovation
innovation governance
open science
open strategy
open society
