摘要
元明以降,白银逐步成为举国上下的基准货币,深度影响着中国社会经济的演进路径。围绕白银货币化至货币白银化的历史源起、动态过程、促动机理及影响评价等问题,学界存有广泛争议。本文认为在宋金元时期白银货币化向货币白银化的演进过程中,中国货币体系经历了“铜钱基准”的陵夷并转向“白银基准”的内在变动过程。宋金时期白银在“铜钱基准体系”中的作用不断上升,金元之际白银价值基准地位初步确立,为明代货币白银化的出现提供了条件。明代白银通过均则折纳、加耗、折价等形式成规模并结构性地嵌入贡赋体制,并与民间市场上的白银替代一道形成了难以逆转的货币白银化态势。对于中国以银为核心基准的近世货币结构而言,结合信用制度的角度可以看出,在西欧新兴国家信用日益聚合的趋势下,中国社会呈现出信用离散的特征。国家信用层级的缺失、金融技术与构架的迟滞及称量银本身所致的信用外在化、记账单位的紊乱是其最明显的表征,中西方金融体制在信用层面发生日益显见的分流。
Since the Yuan and Ming dynasty,silver had gradually become the benchmark currency of the government and the market,and it had a profound influence on the evolution of China’s social economy.By now,in the academic circle there are many controversies about the historical origin of the evolution from silver monetization to monetary silverlization,and about its dynamic process,mechanism and result.Based on the frontier research,this paper tries to answer the relevant core questions,and holds that in the course of the evolution of silver monetization to monetary silver in Song,Jin and Yuan dynasty,China’s monetary system experienced the internal change process from "copper benchmark system "to "silver benchmark system".During the Song and Jin dynasties,the position of silver was rising steadily in the "copper benchmark system".At the period of Jin and Yuan dynasties,the benchmark position of silver value gradually established,which provided with convenient conditions for the emergence of monetary silverlization in the Ming dynasty.In Ming dynasty,silver be embedded into the tribute system in the form of "junzezhena"(均则折纳),"jiahao"(加耗) and "zhejia "(折价)was one of the biggest promoting factors for the monetary silverlization,and form the irreversible trend of monetary silverlization with replacement of silver in the market.Finally,as for the Chinese modern monetary structure based on silver,one can see from the perspective of credit system that the Chinese society showed a characteristic of credit dispersion while a trend of credit convergence appeared in Western Europe emerging countries.That the absence of national credit hierarchy,the lag of financial technology and structure,and the disorder of accounting unit was the most obvious feature in Chinese society,which led to a increasingly divergence at the credit level between Chinese and western financial systems..
作者
邱永志
张国坤
Qiu Yongzhi;Zhang Guokun
出处
《中国经济史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第1期27-40,共14页
Researches in Chinese Economic History
基金
中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目“转向‘白银时代’:元明货币流通体制的转型”(批准号:2019T120562)
中国博士后科学基金面上资助项目“转向‘白银时代’:明代货币白银化与银钱并行的形成”(批准号:2018M640603)
江西省博士后科研项目择优资助项目“元明变迁视野下的明代货币流通体制转型研究”(2018KY09)
江西省高校人文社会科学研究项目“明清铜钱体系的式微与重整”(批准号:JJ19205)阶段性成果之一
关键词
白银
基准
贡赋
替代
信用
Silver
Benchmark
Tribute
Replacement
Credit
