摘要
自从我国开启市场导向的改革以来,把具有软预算约束的国有企业改造成为自主经营、自负盈亏的市场竞争主体就成为经济体制改革的中心环节。40年来,国有企业改革先后经历了遵循放权让利逻辑、两权分离逻辑、产权多元化逻辑、"抓大放小"逻辑、优化所有权约束机制逻辑等改革阶段,使得国有企业逐渐从行政附属物向市场主体转变,从僵化的经营体制向法人财产权独立化转变,从纯而又纯的所有权结构向产权多元化转变,从行政垄断向竞争性市场结构转变,从管企业、管资产向管资本转变,从封闭型向开放型企业转变,从广泛分布到布局更加合理转变。改革所取得的成绩是有目共睹的,但由于在国有制的框架内难以解决政企不分、所有权不可转让等难题,国有企业的传统弊端仍难以得到根除。进一步深化国有企业改革需要进行理论创新,走出"国进民退"或者"民进国退"的二律背反理论困境。应构建与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的"国民共进"的微观结构,即根据国有企业所处行业(竞争性与非竞争性)的不同及所提供产品(私人产品与公共产品)的差异实施不同的改革模式,形成国有经济与民营经济不是相互冲突而是可以共同发展的改革逻辑。
Ever since China＇s market-oriented reforms were started, one of the central elements of the reform of the economic system has been transforming state-owned enterprises （SOEs） with soft budget constraints into players in the market competition which make their own management decisions and take full responsibility for their own profits and losses. Over the past 40 years, SOE reform has undergone a set of stages as guided by different inherent logics. They are, chronologically, the logic of ＂decentralization of power and transfer of profits＂, the logic of ＂separation of ownership and control＂, the logic of ＂ownership diversification＂, the logic of ＂grasping the large and letting go of the small＂, and that of ＂optimizing the mechanism of ownership constraints＂, etc. SOEs have henceforth been gradually transformed from government appendages to market players, featuring transformations from inflexible operation to independent corporate property rights, from unvarying ownership structure to property rights diversification, from administrative monopoly to competitive market structure, from monitoring enterprises and assets to monitoring capitals, from closed-door entities to open-minded innovators, from widely dispersed to more proper layout in the industrial spectrum. While the achievement of the reform is universally recognized, it is still difficult to eradicate secular drawbacks of SOEs as the problems of non-separation of government functions from en- terprise management and non-transferability of ownership rights cannot be solved in the framework of state ownership. To deepen the SOE reform we need a genuine theoretical breakthrough that will equip us to transcend the dilemmatic antinomy of choosing either ＂the state advances and the private sector retreats＂ or ＂the private sector advances and the state retreats＂ . We should gear the market microstructure to the regime of socialist market economy, i. e. , we should choose different modes of reform according to the differences in the product nature （private vs public goods） and the indus- try characteristics （competitive vs noncompetitive industries） of SOEs. The resulting structure is one in which ＂both the state and the private sector advance＂, with the underlying reform logic that the state economy and the private economy do not necessarily conflict with each other but rather can develop together.
作者
杨瑞龙
YANG Ruilong(School of Economics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)
出处
《中国人民大学学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第5期44-56,共13页
Journal of Renmin University of China
关键词
国有企业分类改革
国民共进
产权制度
混合所有制
classification-based reform of state-owned enterprises
both the state and the private sector advance
property rights system
mixed ownership
