摘要
语言中同时存在层级结构和线性顺序两种关系。本文对两者的来源和相互间的关系进行了探讨,梳理出如下看法:层级结构由句法的核心操作—合并—所生成,构成句法规则和语义诠释的基础,是成分间的基本关系;线性顺序则是为了满足发音—听觉系统的需要而出现,属于语言外化机制的一部分,因此其地位相对次要。层级结构在句法中生成,线性顺序则属于形态范畴。通常情形下,两者有映现关系,即层级结构派生线性顺序,亦即层级高的成分在底层结构中居于层级低的成分之前。然而,这种映现并不完美,也不完备。不完美是因为形态操作往往会改造句法计算的结果,导致层级结构和线性顺序的不匹配。不完备则是因为句法并不总能生成不对称成分统治关系,因此也就无法安排线性顺序。因此,当成分在层级上平等时,语序由非句法因素决定,主要是广义上的认知因素,也可能是交际或修辞方面的因素。
This paper attempts to clarify issues concerning hierarchical structures and linear orders in language, in particular their relations. It proposes that hierarchical structures are generated via Merge, the core operation in syntax, and serve as the basis of syntactic processes and semantic interpretations. It is therefore the more fundamental relation. Linear orders emerge to satisfy the needs of the articulatory-perceptual system, as a result of externalization of language. It therefore plays an ancillary role. The hierarchical structure is formed in narrow syntax, whereas the linear order is in morphology, a postsyntactie compo- nent. Under normal circumstances, there is a mapping relation between the two, in that the hierarchically higher constituent, defined in terms of asymmetric c-command, precedes the lower one. Nonetheless, such a mapping is neither perfect nor com- plete. It is not perfect, as morphological operations such as Lowering and Local Dislocation are likely to disrupt the match be- tween hierarchical structure and linear ordering. It is incomplete, since asymmetric relations do not always hold between termi- nals, which in turn deprives the ability of syntax to order the constituents. As such, cognitive, communicative, or rhetorical factors may also have a role, albeit a limited one, to play in arranging linear orders.
出处
《外语教学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第1期1-7,共7页
Foreign Language Education
基金
国家社科基金项目"基于汉语语料的词结构生成机制研究"(项目编号:17BYY001)
浙江大学文科教师教学科研发展专项项目的阶段性成果
关键词
层级结构
线性顺序
生成语法
分布式形态学
hierarchical structure
linear order
generative grammar
Distributed Morphology
