摘要
玉米病虫害是威胁玉米生产的最重要生物因素。基于宁夏植物保护统计数据、玉米种植面积及产量等数据,重点分析2001年至2015年间宁夏玉米病虫害发生特征与经济损失情况。结果表明:2001年到2015年,宁夏玉米病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为7.32万hm^2次和38.83万hm^2次,其年均防治面积分别为5.36万hm^2次和39.45万hm^2次;15年间宁夏玉米病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度和挽回损失量均呈显著增加趋势。受病虫害影响,15年间宁夏玉米病害、虫害造成的玉米实际损失量年均分别为0.8万t与3.05万t,采取病害、虫害防治措施后,累计挽回损失量分别为1.94万t、16.82万t,玉米病虫害防治起到了减小损失的作用。从病虫害种类来看,玉米病害发生面积较大的为玉米大小斑病、玉米锈病、玉米瘤黑粉病、玉米茎基腐病、玉米丝黑穗病,玉米病毒病也有发生但面积不大;玉米虫害发生面积较大的为玉米蚜虫、玉米叶螨、玉米螟、粘虫、双斑萤叶甲和地下害虫蛴螬、地老虎、金针虫和蝼蛄,玉米蓟马和土蝗每年也有发生。因此,需要加强抗病虫品种的选育和筛选,使用水平抗性高的品种,注重不同垂直抗性品种的合理布局;根据不同病虫合理开展区域性病虫害综合预防、治理,提高防治效果,降低病虫害对玉米生产的影响。
Maize diseases and insect pests are the most important biological factors which threatening the production of Maize. On the basic of statistical data of plant protection, maize planting area and yield data, the characteristic of diseases and insect pests and economic loss were selective analyzed from 2001 to 2015. The results showed that the mean occurrence areas of diseases and insect pests were 73. 2 and 388. 3 thousand hectare yearly, meanwhile the mean prevention and control areas were 53. 6 and 394. 5 thousand hectare, respectively. The occurrence areas, occurrence intensity, prevention and control areas, prevention and control intensity of diseases and insect pests in maize significant increased during 15 years. The prevention and control has been done with the mean saved loss yield of maize from diseases and insect pests were 19. 4 thousand tons and 168. 2 thousand tons, respectively. Affected by disease and pest insect, the actual loss of maize caused by corn diseases and insect pests were 8 thousand tons and 30. 5 thousand tons during 15 years. The results meaned that the prevention and control of maize diseases and pests played very important role in reducing losses. The major kinds of maize diseases and insect pests based on the occurrence area are northern leaf blight of corn, maize common rust, maize common smut, maize stalk rot, corn smut, corn stalk rot, smut of maize and maize disease caused by virus, aphid, maize red spider, corn borer, corn armyworm, double spotted leaf beetle, black cutworm, grub, wireworm, mole cricket and corn locust. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the diseases and insect resistance breeding and selection of resistant varieties, using the high level resistance varieties, reasonable layout on different vertical resistant varieties;carry out regional pest prevention and control according to the characteristics of different diseases and insects, improve the control effect, reducing the adverse effects of diseases and pests on maize production.
出处
《环境昆虫学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第5期1071-1080,共10页
Journal of Environmental Entomology
基金
宁夏自然科学基金(NZ13113)
宁夏农林科学院自主研发项目(NKYQ-13-04
NKYG-17-02-1
DWHZC-2017007)
关键词
玉米
病害
虫害
发生面积
挽回损失量
实际损失量
Maize
diseases
insect pests
occurrence area
recover loss
actual loss yield
