摘要
早期马克思继承了黑格尔关于市民社会和国家二分、特殊性和普遍性对举的分析框架,认为市民社会代表了人的特殊性——利己性和孤立性,而国家体现了人的普遍性——类存在和共同性存在。鉴于早期马克思的立场是批判特殊性而褒扬普遍性,在市民社会与国家之间,他理应选择国家而放弃市民社会。可是,马克思选择了市民社会而放弃了国家。要想解释马克思这种看似不合常理的选择,需要留意马克思关于"普遍性只有以特殊性为中介才能实现自身"的论点。根据这一论点,国家中的人是抽象的、虚构的公民,缺乏能够发展出现实普遍性的特殊性因素,国家因而只能表现出抽象的、虚构的普遍性;与国家不同,市民社会中的人(市民)虽然是消极特殊性的体现,即利己性的、孤立性的存在,但同时亦是积极特殊性的体现,即直接的、感性的存在,具备开出真正普遍性的潜能。因此,正是由于看到市民社会暗含了国家所缺乏的,但对发展真正的普遍性又极为关键的积极特殊性,早期马克思才从国家转向了市民社会。
Early Marx appropriated a Hegelian framework,which separated the state from civil society and contrasted the particularity with the universality,to analyze the problems of the state and civil society.With this framework Marx took civil society as the representation of human particular egoism and isolation,while regarding the state as the expression of human universality-species-being and communal being.Since Marx took the universality rather than particularity as his end,he should have chosen the state at the expense of abandoning civil society.Unfortunately,the opposite was true.Marx gave up the state and turned to civil society.The reasonable way to explain Marxs seemingly unreasonable choice was to pay attention to Marxs claim that the universality could only actualize itself by means of the particularity.According to this claim,(1)a man in the state was an abstract and illusory citizen,who could only express the abstract and illusory universality.(2)In contrast to the state,although as the egoistic and isolated being,the man in civil society to some extent expressed the passive particularity,but meanwhile as the immediate and sensuous being,he/she also expressed the positive particularity,and had its potential to develop the real universality from itself.In sum,because early Marx found the positive particularity,the necessary condition for the real universality,contained in civil society but not in the state,he converted from the state to civil society.
出处
《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第4期111-123,共13页
Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
教育部委托
清华大学自主科研项目"黑格尔的自由理论研究"(20151080425)
"文本学视域中的历史唯物主义生成逻辑研究"(20165080084)
国家社会科学基金项目"超越私人:马克思的公人思想及其规范性意义探究"(14CZX004)
