摘要
抗生素作为兽药和饲料添加剂广泛用于世界各国的畜禽养殖,造成环境中抗生素/抗性基因传播扩散问题日益突出,严重威胁到生态环境和人类健康。笔者梳理了国内外在兽药抗生素登记、使用、标准以及防控计划等各环节的管理政策,从不同角度分阶段提出了我国兽药抗生素环境风险控制管理政策建议,包括:建立兽药环境监管机制,从源头控制抗生素抗性基因污染;制定兽药抗生素环境风险评估导则,从登记环节规避环境与健康风险;加快制定粪便和污水中抗生素/抗性基因的控制标准,从使用末端消除污染;加强含有抗生素的粪便处置与管理,限制抗生素/抗性基因的环境溢出;推广生态有机农业的开展,以期为我国兽药抗生素的环境管理提供基础支撑。
Antibiotics are commonly used as veterinary medicines and feed additives in fish/ poultry/ livestock raising the world over. The application of veterinar^^ antibiotics has brought abundant profits to the far^ners in agricultural livestock rai-sing areas for its effect of preventing and curing animal diseases. However,like a coin,the use has another side effect, causing a serious problem of dissemination and proliferation of antibiotics/antibiotic resistant genes （ARGs） in the envi-ronment, which has posed a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. A review is presented of man-agement policies for registration and utilization of veterinar^^ antibiotics,standards for their use,and plans for prevention and control of veterinary antibiotics at home and abroad. On such a basis,proposals were brought forth of policies for envi-ronmental risk control and management of veterinary antibiotics in China from different perspectives, including establishing mechanism for supervision of veterinary antibiotics in environment,so as to control the pollution of antibiotics/ARGs at source; formulating guidelines for environmental risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics so as to prevent environmental and health risks at the registration stage,accelerating formulation of standards for control of antibiotics/ARGs in manure/ waste water, so as to eliminate the pollution at the terminal step; intensifying disposition and management of antibiotics- containing manure,so as to restrict overflow of antibiotics/ARGs in the environment; and promoting development of organ-ic agriculture in China, so as to provide basic support to environment management of veterinary antibiotics in the country.
出处
《生态与农村环境学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第7期586-591,共6页
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment
基金
2016年国家环境保护标准项目
国家自然科学基金(21507037)
关键词
抗生素
抗性基因
环境风险控制
管理政策
antibiotics
antibiotic resistant genes （ ARGs）
environmental risk control
management policy
