摘要
远古时代先民们就有了神灵崇拜,伴随着社会的前进,中国的鬼神文化也经历了一个发展过程,这个过程包括了对众多神灵的想象和创造,也包括了对众神威力与作用的虚构和解释。秦汉以来仙话流行,鬼神文化也随之进入了一个更为绚丽多彩的发展阶段。特别是两汉时期鬼神信仰的兴盛,不仅有汉王朝确立的主流神话体系,还表现为各地鬼神崇拜的多元化,这对两汉时期的信仰意识和社会风尚都产生了深远影响,从出土的汉代画像来看,常见有正统神话与地方神话杂糅在一起的现象。而仙话虚构的是一个神人之间的魔幻世界,幻想凡人可以通过修炼而得道成仙,或幻想死后仍可以通过升仙的方式而进入仙间得以永生,因而升仙也就成了人们向往的目标。秦汉时期仙话的盛行,不仅与统治者的喜好与倡导有关,也与方士们的推波助澜大有关系。仙话在汉代丧葬中也成了不可缺少的重要内容,各地的墓主无不通过仙话来寄托死后升仙的崇尚与想象,其表现形式堪称丰富多样。需要特别关注的是,西南丝路是早期佛像传播的重要途径,在四川乐山、绵阳、重庆丰都等地都发现了早期佛像。佛教在巴蜀地区的传播,和道教相融合,并与传统文化相互交融吸纳,形成了儒释道混合的现象。从而在由来已久的鬼神信仰与仙话崇尚中,又杂糅了佛教的内容。丰都鬼城的出现,便正是鬼神信仰与仙话的流传以及道教与佛教关于阴间阎罗地狱轮回说法交融传播的结果,并由此而成为一处著名的巴蜀人文景观。
Our ancestors have the worship of the gods in ancient times, but Chinese also experienced a development process along with the progress of the society, which includes the imagination and creation of many gods, and the imagi- nation and explanation of the the power and function of the gods. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the cuhure of spirits has entered a more bright and colorful development stage with fairy tales became popular, especially flourished in the Han Dynasty, where not only Han Dynasty established the mainstream mythology system, but also the spirits worship is diversi- fied in various regions, which produced profound influence to the faith consciousness and social custom of the Han Dy- nasty. The prevalent fairy tales in the Qin and Han Dynasties, are not only related to rulers＇ preferences and advocacy, but also to alchemists who fueled. Fairy story has become an important and indispensable content in the burial of the Han Dynasty, around the masters of the tombs all want to find sustenance in the advocating and imagination of Heaven after death by fairy tales, whose manifestations are rich and varied. Particular concern should be paid, the Southwest Silk Road is an important early spread way of the Buddha, and early Buddhist statues have been found in Leshan, Mianyang and Fengdu. The spread of Buddhism in the Sichuan region, and integration with Taoist and the traditional culture, formed a mixed phenomenon of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. the contents of buddhism have mixed into the long-standing belief and advocating of the fairy tales. Fengdu as ghost town can be regarded as Youdu and Xiandu, that is the result of the supernatural beliefs and the spread of the fairy tales, and the blending spread of the hell Yama and hell transmigration in Taoism and Buddhism, and thus become the well known Bashu cultural landscape.
出处
《地方文化研究》
2016年第1期91-112,共22页
Local Culture Research
关键词
秦汉时期
鬼神信仰
仙话由来
南传佛教
丧葬习俗
美术考古
The Qin and Han Dynasties
Supernatural beliefs
The origin of the fairy tales
Buddhism
Funeral cus-tom
Art archeology
