摘要
现有研究一般认为旅游非正规就业低收入、低门槛、不体面,仅能维持生计或增加收入。非正规就业是职业发展的末端,就业者是被"降级的劳动力"。文章通过珠海拱北口岸的实地调查和对44位旅游非正规就业者的访谈指出,旅游非正规就业是许多就业者的职业发展通道。就业者以中青年低层次劳动力为主,但也包括较高学历和丰富工作经验的企业白领、个体经营户和大学生,他们通过亲缘或地缘组织介绍从事旅游非正规就业。文章进一步归纳总结了7种从业动机、6种从业规划和4种职业发展路径。研究表明,大多数旅游非正规就业者具有较为明确的从业动机、从业规划和职业发展路径。相较于其他非正规就业,旅游非正规就业提供更多的职业出口,更利于积累资源和能力,是一条低层次劳动者向高层次城市就业者转变的职业通道。
Informal tourism employment has gradually become an important phenomenon in the Chinese tourism industry. Such employment was once considered a low pay, low recruitment threshold,low status type of work offering only a basic livelihood and with negative effects on social and economic order. The widely accepted view is still that people in informal employment find it hard or even impossible to develop successful careers. However, this may not necessarily be the case in the specific context of informal tourism employment in China. According to our observations, many of the young and middle-aged people informally employed in the tourism industry are undergraduate students,self- employed or former white- collar workers, who are generally regarded as relatively high- level employees emphasizing career development over livelihood. Therefore, the question remains as to whether informal tourism employment can be a channel for career development and, if so, how it can be a channel.This paper presents a case study of a typical tourist transit route, Zhuhai Gongbei Port, an immigration and customs checkpoint located in Zhuhai City, on the border between China's Mainland and the Macao Special Administrative Region. As informal tourism employees constitute a small population, conducting a large- scale study was not feasible. Field observations and face- to- face interviews using a semi- structured questionnaire were conducted with a convenience and snowball sample of informal tourism employees. The interviews collected information on the respondents＇ career backgrounds, family status, career intentions and planning, employment situations, governance and demographics. Two field surveys were conducted with 49 interviews between 14 October, 2012 and21 January, 2013, of which 44 were usable and included in the final analysis.The empirical case study results show that informal tourism employment is a highly important channel for transforming low-level laborers from rural or second- and third-tier cities into urban highlevel employees. Most informal tourism employees with low levels of education, work experience,professional skills, and career goals were introduced to informal tourism work by their friends or relatives. They gradually built social networks of their own, accumulated capital, skills and abilities,and planned their career development. Some of them had become relatively high- level employees or employers. Most of the informal employees had clear intentions and plans for their careers, and specific career development paths. The analysis revealed seven career intentions（reducing burden, earning a living, accompanying family, increasing income, pursuing freedom, escaping, and personal development）, six forms of career planning（maintaining, expanding business, formalization,establishing business, changing jobs, and going back home） and four career development paths（for young employees without work experience, young and middle- aged employees with low- level work experience, young and middle- aged employees with high- level work experience, and elder employees with work experience, respectively）. In comparison to other forms of informal employment, then,informal tourism employment provides more opportunities and helps employees to accumulate resources and build capacity to develop their careers.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第1期102-110,共9页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家自然科学基金项目"旅游发展对城市社会空间及生活质量的影响机制与调控研究"(41301146)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金"基于旅游绅士化理论的旅游发展与城市社会空间互馈机制研究"(40000-3161113)
珠海旅游研究院共同资助~~
关键词
旅游非正规就业
职业发展
旅游通道
珠海拱北口岸
informal tourism employment
career development
tourist transit route
Zhuhai Gongbei Port
