摘要
国外天然气价格分井口价、城市门站价和终端用户价。它的变化与国际油价、资源丰度、经济发达程度及社会需求量密切相关。国外的天然气市场分为垄断性市场和竞争性市场两种类型,前者多采用成本加利润和市场净回值相结合的定价方式,后者根据竞争方式的不同,分别采用捆绑式售价和市场自由定价。总的来说,在世界范围内,天然气的定价政策主要仍采用垄断性定价,竞争性定价只在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、阿根廷、英国等实行,但目前许多国家在不断采取措施,放开市场,引入竞争。我国的天然气价格结构不合理,价格决定权在政府,既未考虑到国际市场上天然气价格的变化,又未与竞争燃料的市场价格挂钩,更未体现出天然气的热值、环保、便利等社会经济优势。为此,建议采取天然气生产、净化、输送、配送分开核算,单独计价收费,井口价格与竞争燃料的价格相关联,价格水平由市场供需调节,输配送服务费率按成本定价并由政府监管的定价方式。
Foreign natural gas prices are divided into a wellhead price, an urban gate station price, and a terminal user price. These prices vary with international oil prices, relative resource abundance, levels of economic development, and demand. Foreign natural gas markets can be classified into two types - monopoly markets and competitive markets. The former adopts a pricing method that is based on a combination of recovery costs and profit with market net back value. The latter adopts the package-marketing price and free-market pricing method according to different competitive patterns. Generally speaking, on a global basis natural gas pricing policies are mainly based on the monopolistic pattern. The competitive pricing pattern is practiced only in the United States, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. However, many countries are adopting deregulation. The natural gas pricing structure is not reasonable in China. The government has final say in price determination. It neither takes into account international price variation, nor competitive fuel market price. It does not reflect the social and economic advantages of natural gas either, such as thermal value, environmental protection, and convenience. Therefore, it is proposed to calculate and charge the cost of natural gas production, purification, transmission and distribution separately. The wellhead price should be linked to the competitive fuel price. The price level is subject to adjustments in supply and demand. The service charge rate of transmission and distribution should be priced according to cost. The pricing method is subject to government supervision.
出处
《国际石油经济》
2002年第4期40-45,共6页
International Petroleum Economics
